Challenge: Lack of LLMs supporting low-resource languages is a serious impediment to bringing NLP to all of the world.
Approach: They create a model that scales LLMs horizontally and a corpus that covers 511 low-resource languages.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on five diverse tasks across low- and high-resource languages.

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GlotEval: A Test Suite for Massively Multilingual Evaluation of Large Language Models (2025.emnlp-demos)

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Challenge: Existing evaluation frameworks focus on English and a handful of high-resource languages, thereby overlooking the realistic performance of large language models in multilingual and lower-resourced scenarios.
Approach: They propose a unified and lightweight framework that integrates 27 benchmarks under a standard ISO 639-3 language identifier system to enable seamless incorporation of new benchmarks.
Outcome: The proposed framework integrates 27 benchmarks under a standard ISO 639-3 language identifier system, allowing for seamless incorporation of new benchmarks.
LLMs Beyond English: Scaling the Multilingual Capability of LLMs with Cross-Lingual Feedback (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent multilingual models support limited number of human languages due to lack of training data for low resource languages.
Approach: They propose a multilingual multilingual LLM that scales to 100 languages . they use a human feedback dataset and a data set to perform multilingual instruction tuning .
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LLaMAX: Scaling Linguistic Horizons of LLM by Enhancing Translation Capabilities Beyond 100 Languages (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit exceptional translation capabilities in high-resource language tasks, yet their effectiveness in low-resourced languages is suboptimal.
Approach: They conduct extensive multilingual continual pre-training on the LLaMA series models and develop LLiMAX for translation support across more than 100 languages.
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ChatGPT Beyond English: Towards a Comprehensive Evaluation of Large Language Models in Multilingual Learning (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent advances in natural language processing (NLP) have led to significant breakthroughs in the field.
Approach: They evaluate ChatGPT over multiple tasks with diverse languages and large datasets to provide more comprehensive information for multilingual NLP applications.
Outcome: The proposed model can process and generate texts for multiple languages due to its multilingual training data.
Data and Model Centric Approaches for Expansion of Large Language Models to New languages (2025.emnlp-tutorials)

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Challenge: Existing LLMs mainly support English alongside a handful of high resource languages . this leaves a major gap for most low-resource languages despite increasing pace of research .
Approach: This tutorial examines approaches to expand the language coverage of LLMs . they look at tokenizer training, pre-training, instruction tuning, alignment, evaluation, etc.
Outcome: This tutorial examines approaches to expand the language coverage of LLMs . it provides an efficient and viable path to bring LLM technologies to low-resource languages .
A Recipe of Parallel Corpora Exploitation for Multilingual Large Language Models (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Recent studies have highlighted the potential of exploiting parallel corpora to enhance multilingual large language models.
Approach: They investigate the impact of parallel corpora quality and quantity, training objectives, and model size on performance of multilingual large language models enhanced with parallel corporeal.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves performance in bilingual and general-purpose tasks.
Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scale (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Pretraining multilingual language models at scale leads to performance gains for cross-lingual transfer tasks.
Approach: They present a transformer-based multilingual masked language model pre-trained on 100 languages . they show that pretraining multilingual models at scale leads to significant performance gains .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms multilingual BERT (mBERT) on cross-lingual benchmarks.
XLM-V: Overcoming the Vocabulary Bottleneck in Multilingual Masked Language Models (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large multilingual models rely on a single vocabulary shared across 100+ languages . this vocabulary bottleneck limits the representational capabilities of multilingual model XLM-R .
Approach: They propose a new approach for scaling to large multilingual vocabularies by de-emphasizing token sharing between languages with little lexical overlap and assigning vocabulary capacity to achieve sufficient coverage for each individual language.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms XLM-R on all language tasks and is particularly effective on low-resource tasks.
From Unaligned to Aligned: Scaling Multilingual LLMs with Multi-Way Parallel Corpora (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Experiments show that models trained on multi-way parallel data outperform those trained on unaligned data.
Approach: They propose a large-scale, high-quality multi-way parallel corpus based on TED Talks that spans 113 languages with up to 50 languages aligned in parallel.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms models trained on unaligned multilingual data on six multilingual benchmarks.
Small Models, Big Impact: Efficient Corpus and Graph-Based Adaptation of Small Multilingual Language Models for Low-Resource Languages (2025.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Low-resource languages (LRLs) face significant challenges in natural language processing due to limited data.
Approach: They evaluate adapter-based methods for adapting mLMs to low-resource languages . they use unstructured text and structured knowledge from ConceptNet to evaluate adapters .
Outcome: The proposed methods outperform large language models and LLaMA-3 and deepSeek-R1 models on low training data.

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