Challenge: Recent multilingual models support limited number of human languages due to lack of training data for low resource languages.
Approach: They propose a multilingual multilingual LLM that scales to 100 languages . they use a human feedback dataset and a data set to perform multilingual instruction tuning .
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms its peers on five multilingual benchmarks.

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LLaMAX: Scaling Linguistic Horizons of LLM by Enhancing Translation Capabilities Beyond 100 Languages (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit exceptional translation capabilities in high-resource language tasks, yet their effectiveness in low-resourced languages is suboptimal.
Approach: They conduct extensive multilingual continual pre-training on the LLaMA series models and develop LLiMAX for translation support across more than 100 languages.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves higher translation performance than existing open-source models and performs on-par with specialized translation model on the Flores-101 benchmark.
How Vocabulary Sharing Facilitates Multilingualism in LLaMA? (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) show strong performance on English tasks, but their performance in other languages is limited.
Approach: They conducted an exhaustive analysis of the multilingual capability of LLMs by examining the performance gap before and after embedding fine-tuning across 101 languages.
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Turning English-centric LLMs Into Polyglots: How Much Multilinguality Is Needed? (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing models that target a single language are not seen during finetuning, but are able to respond in multiple languages once deployed in downstream applications.
Approach: They investigate the minimal amount of multilinguality required during finetuning to elicit effective cross-lingual generalisation in English-centric LLMs.
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VEEF-Multi-LLM: Effective Vocabulary Expansion and Parameter Efficient Finetuning Towards Multilingual Large Language Models (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have a significant disadvantage for low-resource languages . VEEF-Multi-LLM-8B excels in multilingual instruction-following tasks .
Approach: They propose a low-resource multilingual large language model that expands the vocabulary for multilingual support.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models in multilingual instruction-following tasks, but lags behind English-centric models in some tasks.
Getting More from Less: Large Language Models are Good Spontaneous Multilingual Learners (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive language capabilities, but most of them have very unbalanced performance across different languages.
Approach: They propose to use question translation data to enhance LLMs' multilingual capabilities by using mechanistic interpretability methods.
Outcome: The proposed method improves multilingual alignment even with unannotated answers in English and a wide range of languages even with instruction-tuned LLMs.
Everything you need to know about Multilingual LLMs: Towards fair, performant and reliable models for languages of the world (2023.acl-tutorials)

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Challenge: Responsible AI issues such as fairness, bias and toxicity will be discussed in this tutorial .
Approach: This tutorial will describe various aspects of scaling up language technologies to many of the world’s languages by describing the latest research in Massively Multilingual Language Models (MMLMs).
Outcome: This tutorial will cover various aspects of scaling up language technologies to many of the world's languages by describing the latest research in multilingual models.
Is Translation All You Need? A Study on Solving Multilingual Tasks with Large Language Models (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated multilingual capabilities, yet they are mostly English-centric due to the imbalanced training corpora.
Approach: They extend the evaluation to real-world user queries and non-English-centric LLMs . they show that translation into English can boost LLM performance on NLP tasks .
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LLMs for Low Resource Languages in Multilingual, Multimodal and Dialectal Settings (2024.eacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: Recent advances in AI can be attributed to the remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) success of LLMs depends on specific training techniques, such as instruction tuning and prompting .
Approach: They explore the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in various tasks and languages . they also examine their performance, fine-tuning, instructions tuning, and close vs. open models .
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Towards Practical and Knowledgeable LLMs for a Multilingual World: A Thesis Proposal (2025.naacl-srw)

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Challenge: a proposed thesis examines the role that multilinguality occupies in the development of practical and knowledgeable LLMs.
Approach: They propose to use multilingual knowledge to improve LLM performance on NLP tasks . they extend the territorial disputes benchmark to retrieval-augmented generation setting .
Outcome: The proposed methods improve LLMs' performance on standard natural language processing tasks by leveraging their existing multilingual knowledge.
Not All Languages Are Created Equal in LLMs: Improving Multilingual Capability by Cross-Lingual-Thought Prompting (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive multilingual capability, but their performance varies substantially across different languages.
Approach: They propose a generic template prompt that stimulates cross-lingual and logical reasoning skills to enhance task performance across languages.
Outcome: The proposed method improves multilingual capability across languages and covers high-resource and low-resourced languages.

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