Challenge: Existing methods for multilingual sequence-to-sequence pretraining rely on monolingual corpora and do not use strong cross-lingual signal contained in parallel data.
Approach: They propose a method that replaces monolingual words with a bilingual dictionary and predicts the reference translation according to a parallel corpus instead of recovering the original sequence.
Outcome: The proposed method improves machine translation and cross-lingual natural language inference by 2.0 BLEU points and 6.7 accuracy points over existing methods at a fraction of their computational cost.

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Multilingual Translation from Denoising Pre-Training (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent work shows potential of training one model for multilingual machine translation . but little has been explored on the potential to combine denoising pretraining with multilingual translation in a single model.
Approach: They propose to combine denoising pretraining with multilingual machine translation in a single model.
Outcome: The proposed model improves over models trained from scratch and bilingually for translation into English.
Multilingual Denoising Pre-training for Neural Machine Translation (2020.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to pre-train models focus on only English corpora, but this is not common in machine translation.
Approach: They propose a sequence-to-sequence denoising auto-encoder pre-trained on monolingual corpora . they show that it produces significant performance gains across MT tasks .
Outcome: The proposed model can achieve significant performance gains across a wide variety of MT tasks.
On the Role of Parallel Data in Cross-lingual Transfer Learning (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing multilingual models do not exploit the full potential of monolingual data, a new study finds . prior work has shown that parallel data is beneficial for cross-lingual learning, but it is unclear if it is the data itself or the modeling of parallel interactions that matters.
Approach: They compare unsupervised machine translation to supervised machine translator and gold parallel data to generate synthetic parallel data.
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nmT5 - Is parallel data still relevant for pre-training massively multilingual language models? (2021.acl-short)

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Challenge: Recent studies have shown that cross-lingual transfer learning in pre-trained multilingual models could be improved further by incorporating parallel data.
Approach: They propose to integrate parallel data into mT5 pre-training to improve results on downstream multilingual and cross-lingual tasks.
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The Role of Mixed-Language Documents for Multilingual Large Language Model Pretraining (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing research suggests that multilingual large language models can achieve impressive cross-lingual understanding despite largely monolingual pretraining.
Approach: They compare a monolingual-only corpus with a standard web corpus that removes all multilingual documents and then retrain the models from scratch under controlled conditions.
Outcome: The results show that removing bilingual data causes translation performance to drop 56% in BLEU, whereas code-switching contributes minimally.
TRIP: Accelerating Document-level Multilingual Pre-training via Triangular Document-level Pre-training on Parallel Data Triplets (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to multilingual sequence-to-sequence pre-training rely on monolingual corpora and sometimes synthetic document-level bilingual corporata.
Approach: They propose to leverage document-level trilingual parallel corpora to improve sequence-to-sequence multilingual pre-training by using a novel method called Grafting.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves strong state-of-the-art (SOTA) scores on three multilingual document-level machine translation benchmarks and one cross-lingual abstractive summarization benchmark.
Diverse Pretrained Context Encodings Improve Document Translation (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing models for sentence-level sequence-to-sequence translations do not use extra-sentential information.
Approach: They propose a sentence-level sequence-to-sequence transformer with multiple pre-trained context signals.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models on Chinese-English and English-German tasks.
A Recipe of Parallel Corpora Exploitation for Multilingual Large Language Models (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Recent studies have highlighted the potential of exploiting parallel corpora to enhance multilingual large language models.
Approach: They investigate the impact of parallel corpora quality and quantity, training objectives, and model size on performance of multilingual large language models enhanced with parallel corporeal.
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Adapting Multilingual Models for Code-Mixed Translation (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Prior work has addressed the lack of gold standard code-mixed to pure language parallel data with data augmentation techniques.
Approach: They propose a back-translation-based training scheme for code-mixed translation which eliminates dependence on external resources.
Outcome: The proposed model beats previous work by up to +3.8 BLEU on code-mixed tasks.
Combining Deep Generative Models and Multi-lingual Pretraining for Semi-supervised Document Classification (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Semi-supervised learning and multilingual pretraining have been shown to be effective for task-specific labelled data shortages.
Approach: They propose to combine semi-supervised deep generative models and multi-lingual pretraining to form a pipeline for document classification task.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art models in low-resource settings across several languages and outperformed existing models in English.

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