Challenge: Generating code-switched text with fine-grained control on the degree of code-witching and the lexical choices used to convey formality has been well-explored.
Approach: They propose to generate code-switched text with fine-grained control on the degree of code-changing and lexical choices used to convey formality.
Outcome: The proposed model can be invoked at test-time to synthesize code-switched text faithful to syntactic and lexical attributes relevant to code-witching.

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From Machine Translation to Code-Switching: Generating High-Quality Code-Switched Text (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: a computational model for code-switching text is lacking in the corpus of real text.
Approach: They propose a neural machine translation model to generate Hindi-English code-switched sentences using monolingual Hindi sentences.
Outcome: The proposed model reduces perplexity on a language modeling task and improves on linguistic inference tasks.
A Semi-supervised Approach to Generate the Code-Mixed Text using Pre-trained Encoder and Transfer Learning (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing methods to train neural network-based models for code-mixing are limited due to language specificity of code-mixed text.
Approach: They propose a deep learning approach to generate code-mixed text from English to multiple languages without any parallel data.
Outcome: The proposed approach generates a code-mixed text from English to multiple languages without any parallel data.
Code-Switched Text Synthesis in Unseen Language Pairs (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing efforts on text synthesis for code-switching require training on code-witched texts in the target language pairs.
Approach: They propose a model that synthesizes code-switched texts for language pairs absent from training data by adding an additional code-sharing module to a pre-trained machine translation model.
Outcome: The proposed model synthesizes code-switched texts for language pairs lacking from training data.
CodeT5: Identifier-aware Unified Pre-trained Encoder-Decoder Models for Code Understanding and Generation (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Pre-trained models for Natural Languages (NL) like BERT and GPT have been shown to transfer well to Programming Languages.
Approach: They propose a unified pre-trained encoder-decoder Transformer model that leverages the code semantics conveyed from the developer-assigned identifiers.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models on understanding and generation tasks and can capture semantic information from code.
Universal Dependency Parsing for Hindi-English Code-Switching (N18-1)

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Challenge: Code-switching data often need additional processes such as language identification, normalization and/or back-transliteration to be processed.
Approach: They propose a neural stacking model that leverages part-of-speech tags and syntactic tree annotations in tweets to parse code-switching data.
Outcome: The proposed model is 1.5% better than the augmented model and 3.8% better than one which uses first-best normalization and/or back-transliteration.
Improved Sentiment Detection via Label Transfer from Monolingual to Synthetic Code-Switched Text (P19-1)

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Challenge: Existing sentiment detection methods are trained on sentiment-labeled monolingual text.
Approach: They propose a method for synthesizing labeled code-switched text from monolingual text.
Outcome: The proposed method improves sentiment labeling accuracy for three languages.
Language Modeling for Code-Switching: Evaluation, Integration of Monolingual Data, and Discriminative Training (D19-1)

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Challenge: Code-switching (CS) is a linguistic phenomenon defined as "the alternation of two languages within a single discourse, sentence or constituent."
Approach: They propose an ASR-motivated evaluation setup which is decoupled from an ASL system and the choice of vocabulary . they propose a discriminative training approach which works better than generative language modeling .
Outcome: The proposed evaluation setup is better than generative language modeling, the authors show . the proposed setup is decoupled from an ASR system and the choice of vocabulary .
Extrapolating Multilingual Understanding Models as Multilingual Generators (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing multilingual understanding models are not capable of generating high-quality text compared with decoder-based causal language models.
Approach: They propose a method to adapt a multilingual encoder to a language generator with a small number of additional parameters.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms initialization-based methods with 9.4 BLEU on machine translation, 8.1 Rouge-L on question generation, and 5.5 METEOR on story generation.
Code-Mixed Probes Show How Pre-Trained Models Generalise on Code-Switched Text (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Code-switching is a prevalent linguistic phenomenon in which multilingual individuals seamlessly alternate between languages.
Approach: They propose to use pre-trained language models to generalise to code-switched text . they use a dataset of well-formed naturalistic code-witched texts and parallel translations into the source languages to examine their results.
Outcome: The proposed model generalises to code-switched text, shedding light on their ability to generalise representations to CS corpora.
Beyond Monolingual Assumptions: A Survey on Code-Switched NLP in the Era of Large Language Models across Modalities (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Amidst the rapid advances of large language models, most LLMs struggle with mixed-language inputs, limited Code-switching datasets, and evaluation biases.
Approach: They propose a roadmap for inclusive datasets, fair evaluation, and linguistically grounded models to achieve truly multilingual intelligence.
Outcome: The proposed frameworks are based on 327 studies spanning five research areas, 15+ NLP tasks, 30+ datasets, and 80+ languages.

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