Challenge: Recent advances in prompt-based learning have shown strong results on few-shot text classification by using cloze-style templates.
Approach: They propose a demonstration-based learning method which lets the input be prefaced by task demonstrations for in-context learning.
Outcome: The proposed method improves on in-domain learning and domain adaptation in low-resource settings.

Similar Papers

Robustness of Demonstration-based Learning Under Limited Data Scenario (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Current large pretrained language models struggle to learn NLP tasks under limited data scenarios.
Approach: They propose to augment input with some demonstrations to improve model performance under limited data scenarios.
Outcome: The proposed demonstrations improve performance on few-shot NER tasks and show that the length of demonstrations and relevance of random tokens are the main factors affecting the model's performance.
Learning In-context Learning for Named Entity Recognition (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods to recognize entities in text are limited by the diversity of entity types and the lack of high-quality annotations.
Approach: They propose an in-context learning-based NER approach that can inject in-const NER ability into PLMs and recognize entities of novel types on-the-fly using only a few demonstrative instances.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms the PLMs+fine-tuning counterparts on 4 few-shot NER datasets and significantly outperformed the Plms+initialized extractors.
Mitigating Out-of-Entity Errors in Named Entity Recognition: A Sentence-Level Strategy (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing models of named entity recognition (NER) suffer from the problem of Out-of-Entity (OOE), which hinders the achievement of satisfactory performance.
Approach: They propose a framework which fully leverages sentence-level information to improve OOE-NER performance by exploiting pre-trained language models' ability to understand target entity’s sentence context with a template set and refines sentence representation based on positive and negative templates.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art models on five datasets on named entity recognition (NER) tasks.
A Little Annotation does a Lot of Good: A Study in Bootstrapping Low-resource Named Entity Recognizers (D19-1)

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Challenge: Named entity recognition models rely on large amounts of labeled data, making them challenging to extend to new, lower-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a method for bootstrapping named entity recognition models in under-resourced languages . they use cross-lingual transfer learning and targeted annotation of only uncertain entities .
Outcome: The proposed method achieves competitive accuracy with just one-tenth of training data.
Template-Based Named Entity Recognition Using BART (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods for fewshot NER do not make full use of knowledge transfer in NER model parameters.
Approach: They propose a template-based method for NER that treats NER as a language model ranking problem in a sequence-to-sequence framework.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves 92.55% F1 score on the CoNLL03 task and significantly better than fine-tuning BERT 10.88%, 15.34%, and 11.73% F1 scores on the MIT Movie, the ATIS, and the MATLAB task.
Let Me Check the Examples: Enhancing Demonstration Learning via Explicit Imitation (2023.acl-short)

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Challenge: Existing work only concatenates answered examples as demonstrations to prompt template without any additional operation, neglecting the prompt-demonstration dependencies.
Approach: They propose to concatenate answered examples as demonstrations to prompt template without any additional operation, neglecting the prompt-demonstration dependencies.
Outcome: Experiments show that the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on 5 out of 14 classification corpus.
PromptNER: Prompt Locating and Typing for Named Entity Recognition (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods for prompt learning require a multi-round prompting manner and require elaborate templates.
Approach: They propose to unify entity locating and entity typing into prompt learning by enumerating spans to predict their entity types or constructing type-specific prompts to locate entities.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art model in a few-shot setting . it uses a template filled with multiple prompts and a bipartite graph matching mechanism .
Learning from Language Description: Low-shot Named Entity Recognition via Decomposed Framework (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Named entity recognition (NER) is a language understanding task that requires large amounts of in-domain labeled data to perform well.
Approach: They propose a framework which learns from natural language supervision and enables the identification of never-seen entity classes without using in-domain labeled data.
Outcome: The proposed method brings 10%, 23% and 26% improvements over baselines in few-shot learning, domain transfer and zero-shot settings respectively.
Unified Demonstration Retriever for In-Context Learning (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: In-context learning is a new learning paradigm where a language model conditions on a few input-output pairs (demonstrations) and a test input, and directly outputs the prediction.
Approach: They propose a single model to retrieve demonstrations for a wide range of tasks by combining training signals from various tasks into a unified list-wise ranking formulation by language model’s feedback.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms baselines on 30+ tasks across 13 task families and multiple data domains.
2INER: Instructive and In-Context Learning on Few-Shot Named Entity Recognition (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Named Entity Recognition (NER) tasks are a fundamental task of natural language processing (NLP).
Approach: They propose a text-to-text framework for Few-Shot Named Entity Recognition (NER) that employs instruction finetuning and auxiliary tasks to enhance the model's understanding of entity types in the overall semantic context of a sentence.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms existing Few-Shot NER methods and remains competitive with state-of-the-art NER algorithms.

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