Challenge: Dialogue systems using deep learning have achieved generation of fluent response sentences to user utterances, but they tend to produce responses that are not diverse and less context-dependent.
Approach: They propose an Inverse N-gram loss function which incorporates contextual fluency and diversity at the same time by a simple formula.
Outcome: The proposed loss function outperforms baseline models in automatic evaluations such as DIST-N and ROUGE and achieves higher scores on human evaluations of coherence and richness.

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Challenge: Existing studies have tried to introduce discrete or Gaussian-based latent variables to address the one-to-many problem, but the diversity is limited.
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