Challenge: Existing methods for ICD coding ignore Code Hierarchy and Code Co-occurrence . cost of manual coding estimated to be $25 billion per year in the US .
Approach: They propose a hyperbolic representation method to leverage the code hierarchy and a graph convolutional network to utilize the code co-occurrence.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art methods on two widely used datasets.

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CoRelation: Boosting Automatic ICD Coding through Contextualized Code Relation Learning (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for boosting ICD coding performance lack a model for complex code relations . current methods overlook the importance of context in clinical notes .
Approach: They propose a contextualized and flexible framework to enhance learning of ICD code relations . they use clinical notes to model all possible code relations using a dependent learning paradigm .
Outcome: The proposed approach improves on six public ICD coding datasets compared to state-of-the-art models.
Auxiliary Knowledge-Induced Learning for Automatic Multi-Label Medical Document Classification (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for ICD indexing use machine learning to assign subset of codes to medical records . experimental results show proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on a number of measures.
Approach: They propose a method that uses a deep dilated residual convolution encoder to learn document representations across different lengths of the texts.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on a number of measures.
Automatic ICD Coding Exploiting Discourse Structure and Reconciled Code Embeddings (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing studies did not exploit the discourse structure of clinical notes, which provides rich contextual information for code assignment.
Approach: They propose to leverage section type classification and section type embeddings to exploit the discourse structure of clinical notes to generate rich contextual information for code assignment.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models on a MIMIC dataset by a large margin.
Automatic ICD Coding via Interactive Shared Representation Networks with Self-distillation Mechanism (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods for ICD coding ignore the long-tail of code frequency or noisy clinical notes.
Approach: They propose to use an interactive shared representation network to model code co-occurrences while focusing on the clinical note's noteworthy part and extract valuable information through a self-distillation learning mechanism to solve the long-tail problem.
Outcome: The proposed model reduces the long-tail of code frequency and noise in clinical notes and extracts valuable information through a self-distillation learning mechanism.
AnEMIC: A Framework for Benchmarking ICD Coding Models (2022.emnlp-demos)

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Challenge: Diagnostic coding is the task of assigning diagnosis codes defined by the ICD (International Classification of Diseases) standard to patient visits based on clinical notes.
Approach: They propose to use an ICD coding framework to train and benchmark models . they correct errors in preprocessing and provide an interactive demo to analyze the models based on custom inputs.
Outcome: The framework corrects errors in preprocessing and provides key models and weights trained on correctly preprocessed datasets.
A Neural Architecture for Automated ICD Coding (P18-1)

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Challenge: Medical coding is time-consuming, expensive, and error prone.
Approach: They propose to use diagnosis descriptions (DDs) of a patient as inputs to select the most relevant ICD codes.
Outcome: The proposed algorithms perform on a clinical dataset with 59K patient visits.
A Two-Stage Decoder for Efficient ICD Coding (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent automated ICD coding efforts improve performance by encoding medical notes and codes with additional data and knowledge bases.
Approach: They propose a two-stage decoding mechanism to predict ICD codes using hierarchical properties of the codes to split the prediction into two steps: at first, predict the parent code and then predict the child code based on the previous prediction.
Outcome: Experiments on the public MIMIC-III data show that the proposed model performs well in single-model settings without external data or knowledge.
Accurate and Well-Calibrated ICD Code Assignment Through Attention Over Diverse Label Embeddings (2024.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to assigning ICD codes to clinical text are time-consuming, labor intensive, and error-prone.
Approach: They propose to adapt a Transformer-based model to a longformer model and use it to encode clinical narratives.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms current state-of-the-art models in ICD coding with the label embeddings contributing to the good performance.
Travel on the ICD Tree: Benchmarking Agentic Reasoning for ICD Coding from Chinese Electronic Medical Records (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Accurate International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding is crucial for hospital management and healthcare data governance.
Approach: They propose a framework to evaluate ICD coding based on complete EMRs . they use a dataset of 560 real clinical records covering 434 common diseases .
Outcome: The proposed framework explores the capability boundaries of large language models under different paradigms.
Fusion: Towards Automated ICD Coding via Feature Compression (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods to assign ICD codes from unstructured clinical notes are noisy and prone to errors.
Approach: They propose a feature compressed ICD coding model called Fusion to address this problem.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models on two widely used datasets.

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