Challenge: Existing methods to assign ICD codes from unstructured clinical notes are noisy and prone to errors.
Approach: They propose a feature compressed ICD coding model called Fusion to address this problem.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models on two widely used datasets.

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Accurate and Well-Calibrated ICD Code Assignment Through Attention Over Diverse Label Embeddings (2024.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to assigning ICD codes to clinical text are time-consuming, labor intensive, and error-prone.
Approach: They propose to adapt a Transformer-based model to a longformer model and use it to encode clinical narratives.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms current state-of-the-art models in ICD coding with the label embeddings contributing to the good performance.
Auxiliary Knowledge-Induced Learning for Automatic Multi-Label Medical Document Classification (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for ICD indexing use machine learning to assign subset of codes to medical records . experimental results show proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on a number of measures.
Approach: They propose a method that uses a deep dilated residual convolution encoder to learn document representations across different lengths of the texts.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on a number of measures.
CoRelation: Boosting Automatic ICD Coding through Contextualized Code Relation Learning (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for boosting ICD coding performance lack a model for complex code relations . current methods overlook the importance of context in clinical notes .
Approach: They propose a contextualized and flexible framework to enhance learning of ICD code relations . they use clinical notes to model all possible code relations using a dependent learning paradigm .
Outcome: The proposed approach improves on six public ICD coding datasets compared to state-of-the-art models.
Automatic ICD Coding Exploiting Discourse Structure and Reconciled Code Embeddings (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing studies did not exploit the discourse structure of clinical notes, which provides rich contextual information for code assignment.
Approach: They propose to leverage section type classification and section type embeddings to exploit the discourse structure of clinical notes to generate rich contextual information for code assignment.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models on a MIMIC dataset by a large margin.
A Neural Architecture for Automated ICD Coding (P18-1)

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Challenge: Medical coding is time-consuming, expensive, and error prone.
Approach: They propose to use diagnosis descriptions (DDs) of a patient as inputs to select the most relevant ICD codes.
Outcome: The proposed algorithms perform on a clinical dataset with 59K patient visits.
A Two-Stage Decoder for Efficient ICD Coding (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent automated ICD coding efforts improve performance by encoding medical notes and codes with additional data and knowledge bases.
Approach: They propose a two-stage decoding mechanism to predict ICD codes using hierarchical properties of the codes to split the prediction into two steps: at first, predict the parent code and then predict the child code based on the previous prediction.
Outcome: Experiments on the public MIMIC-III data show that the proposed model performs well in single-model settings without external data or knowledge.
Scalable Wide and Deep Learning for Computer Assisted Coding (N18-3)

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Challenge: In recent years the use of electronic medical records has accelerated resulting in large volumes of medical data when a patient visits a healthcare facility.
Approach: They propose to use convolutional neural networks and logistic regression to build a machine learning based system for predicting ICD-10 codes from electronic medical records.
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Less is More: Explainable and Efficient ICD Code Prediction with Clinical Entities (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Clinical coding is labor-intensive and prone to delays, leading to global backlogs.
Approach: They propose an approach that combines Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Assertion Classification (AC) to filter for clinically important content before supervised code prediction.
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Automatic ICD Coding via Interactive Shared Representation Networks with Self-distillation Mechanism (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods for ICD coding ignore the long-tail of code frequency or noisy clinical notes.
Approach: They propose to use an interactive shared representation network to model code co-occurrences while focusing on the clinical note's noteworthy part and extract valuable information through a self-distillation learning mechanism to solve the long-tail problem.
Outcome: The proposed model reduces the long-tail of code frequency and noise in clinical notes and extracts valuable information through a self-distillation learning mechanism.
A General Knowledge Injection Framework for ICD Coding (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods to improve ICD coding focus on a single type of knowledge and design specialized modules that are complex and incompatible with each other.
Approach: They propose a general knowledge injection framework that integrates three key types of knowledge without specialized design of additional modules.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms baseline models and is comparable to models relying on extra human annotations.

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