Challenge: Existing approaches to assigning ICD codes to clinical text are time-consuming, labor intensive, and error-prone.
Approach: They propose to adapt a Transformer-based model to a longformer model and use it to encode clinical narratives.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms current state-of-the-art models in ICD coding with the label embeddings contributing to the good performance.

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Automatic ICD Coding Exploiting Discourse Structure and Reconciled Code Embeddings (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing studies did not exploit the discourse structure of clinical notes, which provides rich contextual information for code assignment.
Approach: They propose to leverage section type classification and section type embeddings to exploit the discourse structure of clinical notes to generate rich contextual information for code assignment.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models on a MIMIC dataset by a large margin.
Analyzing Code Embeddings for Coding Clinical Narratives (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent work on automated ICD coding learn mappings between low-dimensional representations of clinical text reports and codes.
Approach: They propose novel neural networks for encoding medical codes based on textual, structural and statistical characteristics using a single deep learning baseline model.
Outcome: The proposed methods improve the accuracy of medical codes based on their textual, structural and statistical characteristics.
Fusion: Towards Automated ICD Coding via Feature Compression (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods to assign ICD codes from unstructured clinical notes are noisy and prone to errors.
Approach: They propose a feature compressed ICD coding model called Fusion to address this problem.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models on two widely used datasets.
Auxiliary Knowledge-Induced Learning for Automatic Multi-Label Medical Document Classification (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for ICD indexing use machine learning to assign subset of codes to medical records . experimental results show proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on a number of measures.
Approach: They propose a method that uses a deep dilated residual convolution encoder to learn document representations across different lengths of the texts.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance on a number of measures.
A Two-Stage Decoder for Efficient ICD Coding (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent automated ICD coding efforts improve performance by encoding medical notes and codes with additional data and knowledge bases.
Approach: They propose a two-stage decoding mechanism to predict ICD codes using hierarchical properties of the codes to split the prediction into two steps: at first, predict the parent code and then predict the child code based on the previous prediction.
Outcome: Experiments on the public MIMIC-III data show that the proposed model performs well in single-model settings without external data or knowledge.
Less is More: Explainable and Efficient ICD Code Prediction with Clinical Entities (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Clinical coding is labor-intensive and prone to delays, leading to global backlogs.
Approach: They propose an approach that combines Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Assertion Classification (AC) to filter for clinically important content before supervised code prediction.
Outcome: The proposed approach reduces training time by over half on a standard evaluation dataset compared to current methods . it uses Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Assertion Classification (AC) to filter for clinically important content before supervised code prediction.
A Neural Architecture for Automated ICD Coding (P18-1)

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Challenge: Medical coding is time-consuming, expensive, and error prone.
Approach: They propose to use diagnosis descriptions (DDs) of a patient as inputs to select the most relevant ICD codes.
Outcome: The proposed algorithms perform on a clinical dataset with 59K patient visits.
Clinical-Coder: Assigning Interpretable ICD-10 Codes to Chinese Clinical Notes (2020.acl-demos)

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Challenge: Existing methods of automatic coding prediction have been successful, but the interpretability of predicted codes is a challenge.
Approach: They propose an online system that can predict ICD codes for Chinese clinical notes by using a Dilated Convolutional Attention network with N-gram Matching mechanism.
Outcome: The proposed system is able to provide supporting information in clinical decision making.
CoRelation: Boosting Automatic ICD Coding through Contextualized Code Relation Learning (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for boosting ICD coding performance lack a model for complex code relations . current methods overlook the importance of context in clinical notes .
Approach: They propose a contextualized and flexible framework to enhance learning of ICD code relations . they use clinical notes to model all possible code relations using a dependent learning paradigm .
Outcome: The proposed approach improves on six public ICD coding datasets compared to state-of-the-art models.
Code Synonyms Do Matter: Multiple Synonyms Matching Network for Automatic ICD Coding (2022.acl-short)

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Challenge: Existing methods for automatic ICD coding use label attention to match related text snippets.
Approach: They propose to use code synonyms to leverage for better code representation learning.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods on the MIMIC-III dataset.

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