Papers with 1B
A Novel Paradigm Boosting Translation Capabilities of Large Language Models (2024.findings-naacl)
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| Challenge: | Existing studies on LLMs focused on supervised fine-tuning but their effectiveness has been limited. |
| Approach: | They propose a paradigm consisting of three stages: Secondary Pre-training using extensive monolingual data, Continual Pre- training with interlinear text format documents, and Leveraging source-language consistent instruction for supervised fine-tuning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach surpasses previous work and achieves superior performance compared to models such as NLLB-54B(CITATION) and GPT3.5-text-davinci-003. |
Measuring and Mitigating Shortcut Reliance in Language Models with Probe-Based Representation Entanglement (2026.acl-srw)
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| Challenge: | Shortcut learning remains a major obstacle to robust NLP systems. |
| Approach: | They propose to fine-tune Gemma 3 1B Instruct and Llama 3.2 1B on two synthetic sentiment shortcuts in SST-2 and one natural shortcut in MNLI based on lexical overlap. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves on two synthetic sentiment shortcuts and one natural shortcut in MNLI with a 99% shortcut ratio, while Gemma drops from 91.8% to 60.2%. |
GenTool: Enhancing Tool Generalization in Language Models through Zero-to-One and Weak-to-Strong Simulation (2025.findings-acl)
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Jie He, Jennifer Neville, Mengting Wan, Longqi Yang, Hui Liu, Xiaofeng Xu, Xia Song, Jeff Z. Pan, Pei Zhou
| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) can expand their capabilities by integrating external tools. |
| Approach: | They propose a training framework that prepares LLMs for diverse generalization challenges in tool utilization. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework improves the tool-usage capabilities of LLMs by up to 8B parameters, surpassing GPT-4o. |
LLäMmlein: Transparent, Compact and Competitive German-Only Language Models from Scratch (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success, yet this progress is predominantly centered on English. |
| Approach: | They create two German-only decoder models from scratch and publish them for the (German) NLP research community to use. |
| Outcome: | The two models performed competitively on the German SuperGLEBer benchmark, but performance improvements plateaued early during training, offering valuable insights into resource allocation for future models. |
Can Small Language Models Help Large Language Models Reason Better?: LM-Guided Chain-of-Thought (2024.lrec-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing frameworks for guiding a language model in reasoning tasks are limited by their tendency to generate low-quality rationales that are repetitive and vacuous. |
| Approach: | They propose a framework that leverages a lightweight language model for guiding a black-box large LM in reasoning tasks. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms baselines in answer prediction accuracy. |
GeoLAN: Geometric Learning of Latent Explanatory Directions in Large Language Models (2026.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large language models lack transparency and are often unable to explain causal relationships . |
| Approach: | They propose a training framework that treats token representations as geometric trajectories and applies stickiness conditions to the Kakeya Conjecture. |
| Outcome: | The proposed training framework maintains task accuracy while improving geometric metrics and reducing fairness biases. |
Evaluating the Factual Consistency of Large Language Models Through News Summarization (2023.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Existing LLMs generally assign a higher score to factually consistent summaries than to factualally inconsistent summary. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark to measure whether large language models prefer factually consistent continuations of inputs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark compares the scores an LLM assigns to a factually consistent versus a inconsistent summary for an input news article. |
LUME: LLM Unlearning with Multitask Evaluations (2025.findings-emnlp)
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Anil Ramakrishna, Yixin Wan, Xiaomeng Jin, Kai-Wei Chang, Zhiqi Bu, Bhanukiran Vinzamuri, Volkan Cevher, Mingyi Hong, Rahul Gupta
| Challenge: | Unlearning aims to remove copyrighted, sensitive, or private content from large language models without a full retraining. |
| Approach: | They propose a multi-task unlearning benchmark LUME that unlearns short novels, biographies and public biographie . |
| Outcome: | The proposed benchmark unlearns short novels, biographies and public biographie . it also releases fine-tuned models with 1B and 7B parameter sizes as targets . |
ReFACT: A Benchmark for Scientific Confabulation Detection with Positional Error Annotations (2026.eacl-long)
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Yindong Wang, Martin Preiß, Margarita Bugueño, Jan Vincent Hoffbauer, Abdullatif Ghajar, Tolga Buz, Gerard de Melo
| Challenge: | Evaluating 9 state-of-the-art LLMs reveals two critical limitations: 61% of incorrect span predictions are semantically unrelated to actual errors. |
| Approach: | They propose a benchmark of 1,001 expert-annotated question-answer pairs with span-level error annotations derived from Reddit's r/AskScience. |
| Outcome: | Evaluating 9 state-of-the-art LLMs, we find that comparative judgment is paradoxically harder than independent detection when comparing answers side-by-side. |
xLAM: A Family of Large Action Models to Empower AI Agent Systems (2025.naacl-long)
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Jianguo Zhang, Tian Lan, Ming Zhu, Zuxin Liu, Thai Quoc Hoang, Shirley Kokane, Weiran Yao, Juntao Tan, Akshara Prabhakar, Haolin Chen, Zhiwei Liu, Yihao Feng, Tulika Manoj Awalgaonkar, Rithesh R N, Zeyuan Chen, Ran Xu, Juan Carlos Niebles, Shelby Heinecke, Huan Wang, Silvio Savarese, Caiming Xiong
| Challenge: | Autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have attracted significant research interest, but there are few standards for developing specialized models for agent tasks. |
| Approach: | They propose a series of large action models with dense and mixture-of-expert architectures that unifies, augments, and synthesizes diverse datasets to enhance agent generalizability and performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed models outperform GPT-4, Claude-3, and many other models in terms of tool use and outperformed GPT-based models on multiple agent ability benchmarks. |
Smaller Language Models are capable of selecting Instruction-Tuning Training Data for Larger Language Models (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Instruction tuning language models can be expensive and expensive to train . current methods require extensive training on large datasets, resulting in high training costs. |
| Approach: | They propose a novel approach to selecting training data based on the learning percentage of the samples. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs better on models ranging from 1B to 13B in size compared to training on the entire dataset. |
Instruction Position Matters in Sequence Generation with Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Large language models (LLMs) can perform conditional sequence generation tasks, such as translation or summarization, through instruction fine-tuning. |
| Approach: | They propose to shift the position of task instructions after the input sentences to enhance the model's instruction-following capability. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms traditional settings across various model scales (1B / 7B & 13B) and different sequence generation tasks (translation and summarization) without any additional data or annotation costs. |
Learning Together to Perform Better: Teaching Small-Scale LLMs to Collaborate via Preferential Rationale Tuning (2025.acl-long)
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| Challenge: | Prior studies have demonstrated that LLMs generate step-by-step rationales, but limited data is available to improve their performance in commercial settings due to copyright and legal issues. |
| Approach: | They propose a trainable framework that tunes a (small) LLM to generate outputs from a pool of diverse rationales that selectively improves the downstream task. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms several trainable and prompting baselines on maths problem solving, natural language inference, and commonsense reasoning. |