Challenge: Neural extractive summarization models employ hierarchical encoders with inaccurate sentence-level labels.
Approach: They propose a method to pre-train a hierarchical encoder with unlabeled data.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms its initialized counterpart by 1.25 ROUGE on CNN and 2.0 ROUGEE on a version of New York Times dataset.

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Challenge: Existing approaches to extractive summarization use transformers to learn the structure of long inputs.
Approach: They propose encoder-centric stepwise models for extractive summarization using structured transformers – HiBERT and Extended Transformers .
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Hierarchical Transformers for Multi-Document Summarization (P19-1)

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Challenge: Existing models for multidocument summarization have been developed that can process multiple documents in a hierarchical manner.
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Text Summarization with Pretrained Encoders (D19-1)

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Challenge: Existing pretraining languages such as ELMo and GPT have advanced a wide range of tasks.
Approach: They propose a novel document-level encoder based on BERT which can express the semantics of a document and obtain representations for its sentences.
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Unsupervised Extractive Summarization by Pre-training Hierarchical Transformers (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing methods for document summarization use graphs and unlabeled documents . Existing models require labeled data, and it is expensive to create summarized documents.
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Hi-Transformer: Hierarchical Interactive Transformer for Efficient and Effective Long Document Modeling (2021.acl-short)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to model long documents are difficult due to the quadratic complexity of text length.
Approach: They propose a hierarchical interactive Transformer for efficient long document modeling.
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Hie-BART: Document Summarization with Hierarchical BART (2021.naacl-srw)

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Challenge: Existing document summarization models do not capture hierarchical structures of documents . proposed model incorporates multi-granularity self-attention (MG-SA)
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HiStruct+: Improving Extractive Text Summarization with Hierarchical Structure Information (2022.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing models that treat texts as linear sequences do not include hierarchical structure information.
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Transformer-based Model for Single Documents Neural Summarization (D19-56)

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Challenge: Existing approaches for document summarization use manual feature engineering, integer linear programming and data-driven approaches.
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A Simple and Effective Unified Encoder for Document-Level Machine Translation (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Existing models for document-level machine translation use two separate encoders to model the source sentences and document- level contexts.
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BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (N19-1)

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Challenge: Existing language representation models pre-train deep bidirectional representations from unlabeled text without significant task-specific architecture modifications.
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