Challenge: Existing solutions to task-oriented dialogue systems follow pipeline designs which introduces complexity and fragility.
Approach: They propose a novel sequence-to-sequence (seq2sequ) model which tracks dialogue believes and a two stage copynet instantiation which emonstrates good scalability.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art pipeline-based methods on large datasets and retains satisfactory entity match rate on out-of vocabulary (OOV) cases where pipeline-designed competitors totally fail.

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Sequence-to-Sequence Learning for Task-oriented Dialogue with Dialogue State Representation (C18-1)

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Challenge: Existing pipeline models for task-oriented dialogue system require explicit modeling of dialogue states and hand-crafted action spaces to query domain-specific knowledge base.
Approach: They propose a framework that leverages the advantages of classic pipeline and sequence-to-sequence models.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms baseline models on automatic and human evaluation on a Stanford Multi-turn Multi-domain task-oriented dialogue dataset.
A Sequence-to-Sequence Approach to Dialogue State Tracking (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods for dialogue state tracking are still challenging, but they are improving . a new approach to dialogue state monitoring is proposed, called Seq2Seq-DU .
Approach: They propose a new dialogue state tracking module that formalizes DST as a sequence-to-sequence problem.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing methods on benchmark datasets in different settings.
Entity-Consistent End-to-end Task-Oriented Dialogue System with KB Retriever (D19-1)

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Challenge: Existing work on sequence-to-sequence dialogues treats the KB query as an attention over the entire KB without the guarantee that the generated entities are consistent with each other.
Approach: They propose a framework which queries the knowledge base in two steps to improve consistency . they first return the most relevant KB row given a dialogue history .
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms baseline models and produces entity-consistent responses.
Mem2Seq: Effectively Incorporating Knowledge Bases into End-to-End Task-Oriented Dialog Systems (P18-1)

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Challenge: End-to-end task-oriented dialog systems often suffer from the challenge of incorporating knowledge bases.
Approach: They propose a novel yet simple end-to-end differentiable model called memory-tosequence to address this issue.
Outcome: The proposed model can be trained faster and achieve state-of-the-art performance on three different task-oriented dialog datasets.
Hello, It’s GPT-2 - How Can I Help You? Towards the Use of Pretrained Language Models for Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems (D19-56)

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Challenge: Statistical conversational systems are complex, timeintensive, expensive, and not easily transferable due to data scarcity.
Approach: They propose a task-oriented dialogue model that operates on text input . they validate it on multi-domain task-orientated dialogues from a multi-word dataset .
Outcome: The proposed model bypasses explicit policy and language generation modules on multi-domain task-oriented dialogues from the MultiWOZ dataset.
End-to-end Task-oriented Dialogue: A Survey of Tasks, Methods, and Future Directions (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: End-to-end task-oriented dialogue (EToD) can generate responses in an end-to end fashion without modular training, which attracts escalating popularity.
Approach: They present a systematic review of EToD and propose a unified perspective to summarize existing approaches and recent trends.
Outcome: The proposed approaches can generate responses in an end-to-end fashion without modular training, which attracts escalating popularity.
End-to-End Neural Pipeline for Goal-Oriented Dialogue Systems using GPT-2 (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: End-to-end dialogue systems with monolithic neural architecture are often trained with input-output utterances without taking into account the entire annotations available in the corpus.
Approach: They propose an end-to-end neural architecture for goal-oriented dialogue systems that addresses both challenges . they propose a modular architecture where modules are optimized individually .
Outcome: The proposed system achieved the top position in the human evaluation task . it is based on a neural architecture that can be integrated with external systems .
Learning Knowledge Bases with Parameters for Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: End-to-end systems rely on dialogue state tracking and annotations to fulfill user requests . modularized systems require multiple steps, including a direct interaction with the KB .
Approach: They propose a method to embed the KB directly into the model parameters . they evaluate five task-oriented dialogue datasets with small, medium, and large KBs .
Outcome: The proposed model can embed the KB directly into the model parameters without any DST or template responses, nor the kb as input.
Alexa Conversations: An Extensible Data-driven Approach for Building Task-oriented Dialogue Systems (2021.naacl-demos)

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Challenge: Traditional goal-oriented dialogue systems require annotations which are hard to obtain for every new domain, limiting scalability.
Approach: They propose a data-driven approach to building goal-oriented dialogue systems . they use a seed dialogue simulator to generate annotated conversations instead of collecting annotations .
Outcome: The proposed system improves turn-level action signature prediction accuracy by 50% . the system is scalable, extensible and data efficient .
Q-TOD: A Query-driven Task-oriented Dialogue System (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing pipelined task-oriented dialogue systems have difficulties adapting to unseen domains . end-to-end systems are plagued by large-scale knowledge bases in practice .
Approach: They propose a query-driven task-oriented dialogue system that extracts dialogue context information into a natural language query.
Outcome: The proposed system outperforms strong baselines and establishes a new state-of-the-art performance on three publicly available task-oriented dialogue datasets.

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