Challenge: Existing work has addressed this problem by leveraging monolingual or multilingual data.
Approach: They propose to introduce a differentiable reconstruction loss for neural machine translation to exploit the limited amounts of parallel text available in low-resource settings.
Outcome: The proposed approach achieves small but consistent BLEU improvements on four language pairs in both translation directions and outperforms an alternative differentiable reconstruction strategy based on hidden states.

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Challenge: Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models are used to solve translation problems using long-term models.
Approach: They propose a method to seek a better balance between model confidence and length preference for Neural Machine Translation.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on Chinese-English and English-German translation tasks.
Meta-Learning for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation (D18-1)

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Challenge: In this paper, we propose to extend the recently introduced model-agnostic meta-learning algorithm for low-resource neural machine translation (NMT).
Approach: They propose to extend the recently introduced meta-learning algorithm for low-resource neural machine translation (NMT) they frame low-Resource translation as a meta- learning problem where we learn to adapt to low-REsource languages based on multilingual high-resourced language tasks.
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Multilingual Neural Machine Translation (2020.coling-tutorials)

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Challenge: In this tutorial, we will cover the latest advances in NMT to enhance low-resource translation.
Approach: They will cover the latest advances in NMT approaches that leverage multilingualism . they will focus on topics such as language divergence, transfer learning and pivoting .
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Target Conditioned Sampling: Optimizing Data Selection for Multilingual Neural Machine Translation (P19-1)

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Challenge: Existing studies show that training on a single related language is more effective than using all data.
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Guiding Neural Machine Translation with Retrieved Translation Pieces (N18-1)

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Challenge: Neural machine translation (NMT) has trouble with lowfrequency words or phrases and generalizing across domains.
Approach: They propose a method for recalling low-frequency words and phrases into neural machine translation by retrieving n-grams from a search engine and incorporating them into the decoding process.
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Revisiting Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation: A Case Study (P19-1)

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Challenge: Recent research has shown that neural machine translation models are highly data-inefficient and underperform phrase-based statistical machine translation (PBSMT) in low-resource settings.
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Handling Syntactic Divergence in Low-resource Machine Translation (D19-1)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to neural machine translation (NMT) are dependent on limited parallel data, and can be difficult to use for many language pairs.
Approach: They propose a method where target-language sentences are re-ordered to match the order of the source and used as an additional source of training-time supervision.
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Addressing word-order Divergence in Multilingual Neural Machine Translation for extremely Low Resource Languages (N19-1)

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Challenge: Existing studies show that transfer learning works best when the languages are related.
Approach: They propose to pre-order assisting language sentences to match the word order of the source language and train the parent model.
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Exploring Recombination for Efficient Decoding of Neural Machine Translation (D18-1)

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Challenge: Neural Machine Translation (NMT) decoder captures features of entire prediction history . some partial hypotheses with different prefixes will be regarded differently no matter how similar they are .
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Alignment verification to improve NMT translation towards highly inflectional languages with limited resources (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to improve translation quality using limited training data are phrase-based and syntax-based approaches.
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