Challenge: Recent crowdsourcing efforts and workshops on machine translation have resulted in small amounts of parallel texts for building viable machine translation systems for low resource pairs.
Approach: They propose to use an end-to-end Siamese bidirectional recurrent neural network to extract parallel sentences from Wikipedia to improve BLEU scores on both NMT and phrase-based SMT systems.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves BLEU scores on both NMT and phrase-based SMT systems for the low-resource language pairs English–Hindi and English–Tamil when compared to training exclusively on the limited bilingual corpora.

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Challenge: Parallel sentence extraction is a task addressing the data sparsity problem found in multilingual natural language processing applications.
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Universal Neural Machine Translation for Extremely Low Resource Languages (N18-1)

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Challenge: a novel multilingual approach to machine translation is proposed for low resource languages . the proposed approach can achieve 23 BLEU on Romanian-English WMT2016 using a tiny parallel corpus of 6k sentences compared to the 18 BLUE of strong baseline system .
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An Analysis of Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation for Low-Resource Languages (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: In this study, we explore massively multilingual low-resource neural machine translation.
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Neural Machine Translation for Bilingually Scarce Scenarios: a Deep Multi-Task Learning Approach (N18-1)

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Challenge: Neural machine translation requires large amount of parallel training text to learn a reasonable quality translation model.
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Multilingual Neural Machine Translation (2020.coling-tutorials)

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Challenge: In this tutorial, we will cover the latest advances in NMT to enhance low-resource translation.
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Efficient Neural Machine Translation for Low-Resource Languages via Exploiting Related Languages (2020.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Neural Machine Translation (NMT) is a rapidly advancing MT paradigm that can be used to improve machine translation for many languages.
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Phrase-Based & Neural Unsupervised Machine Translation (D18-1)

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Challenge: Recent advances in machine translation have reported near human-level performance on several languages, yet their effectiveness strongly relies on the availability of large amounts of parallel sentences.
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Meta-Learning for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation (D18-1)

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Challenge: In this paper, we propose to extend the recently introduced model-agnostic meta-learning algorithm for low-resource neural machine translation (NMT).
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Corpora for Document-Level Neural Machine Translation (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Document-level machine translation models translate sentences in isolation, but there are three main problems for document-level models.
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Low-resource Neural Machine Translation with Cross-modal Alignment (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing neural machine translation techniques rely on large monolingual corpus, which is costly for some low-resource languages.
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