Challenge: Stack-Overflow, Quora, and Yahoo! Answers forums are not moderated, which results in noisy and redundant content.
Approach: They use deep neural networks to learn meaningful task-specific embeddings . they incorporate the embeddables into a conditional random field model .
Outcome: The proposed task improves significantly across evaluation metrics.

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Self-Training for Jointly Learning to Ask and Answer Questions (N18-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods for question answering and question generation are hard to obtain in many domains.
Approach: They propose a method for jointly learning to ask and answer questions . they leverage unlabeled text along with labeled question answer pairs for learning .
Outcome: The proposed method improves on four benchmark datasets on question answering and question generation tasks.
Reinforced Multi-task Approach for Multi-hop Question Generation (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Empirical evaluation shows our model to outperform the single-hop question generation models on both automatic evaluation metrics such as BLEU, METEOR, and ROUGE and human evaluation metrics for quality and coverage of the generated questions.
Approach: They propose a question-aware reward function to maximize the utilization of supporting facts in the context.
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A Neural Generative Model for Joint Learning Topics and Topic-Specific Word Embeddings (2020.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms word-level embedding methods in word similarity evaluation and word sense disambiguation.
Approach: They propose a generative model that explores local and global context for joint learning topics and topic-specific word embeddings.
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Multi-Task Learning for Conversational Question Answering over a Large-Scale Knowledge Base (D19-1)

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Challenge: Recent approaches to handle large knowledge base decompose tasks into subtasks and solve them sequentially.
Approach: They propose a multi-task learning framework that resolves coreference in conversations . they propose enabling shared supervisions and type-aware entity detection model .
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Consecutive Question Generation via Dynamic Multitask Learning (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: , . ; ) ()((); ()) .())((2): ""().
Approach: They propose a sequential sequential question-answer generation task with auxiliary tasks generating other elements to generate logically related question-anchor pairs to understand a passage.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves question generation significantly and benefit multiple related tasks.
Multi-Task Learning of Pairwise Sequence Classification Tasks over Disparate Label Spaces (N18-1)

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Challenge: Multi-task learning and semi-supervised learning are successful paradigms for learning in scenarios with limited labelled data.
Approach: They propose to induce a joint embedding space between disparate label spaces and learning transfer functions between label embeddments to leverage unlabelled data and auxiliary, annotated datasets.
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Multi-source Neural Topic Modeling in Multi-view Embedding Spaces (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Recent work has used pre-trained word embeddings to address data sparsity in short-text or small document collections.
Approach: They propose a neural topic modeling framework using multi-view embedding spaces to improve topic quality and deal with polysemy.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves topic quality and deal with polysemy.
Multi-Task Learning with Language Modeling for Question Generation (D19-1)

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Challenge: Existing work on answer-aware questions generates a sentence and answer span as input . previous work on QG was mainly tackled by rule-based approach and neural-based one .
Approach: They propose to incorporate an auxiliary task of language modeling to help question generation in a hierarchical multi-task learning structure.
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Multitask Semi-Supervised Learning for Class-Imbalanced Discourse Classification (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Discourse learning is a complex task, and schemas evolve across annotation efforts preventing compilation of smaller datasets into larger ones.
Approach: They propose a multitask learning approach that can combine discourse datasets from similar and diverse domains to improve discourse classification.
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Tied Multitask Learning for Neural Speech Translation (N18-1)

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Challenge: Recent efforts in endangered language documentation focus on collecting spoken language resources . BULB project uses mobile app to collect spoken resources accompanied by spoken translations .
Approach: They propose a model where the second task decoder receives information from the first task . they apply regularization that encourages transitivity and invertibility to the model .
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