Challenge: Currently, few or no language processing tools or resources exist for most languages . a problem is that there is not enough available training data even in resource-rich languages if the task is complex.
Approach: They propose to use a bilingual dictionary to train machine learning in a resource-poor language . they also explore adversarial training of bilingual word representations .
Outcome: The proposed approach gives similar performance in event-type detection tasks.

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Neural Cross-Lingual Event Detection with Minimal Parallel Resources (D19-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods for event detection (ED) rely on high-performance machine translation systems or manually aligned documents to achieve a decent performance.
Approach: They propose a method that uses context-dependent translation to construct a lexical mapping between different languages and a shared syntactic order event detector for multilingual co-training.
Outcome: The proposed method performs cross-lingual transfer and tackles the extremely annotation-poor scenario.
Distant Supervision from Disparate Sources for Low-Resource Part-of-Speech Tagging (D18-1)

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Challenge: Low-resource languages lack manual annotated data to learn basic models such as part-of-speech (POS) taggers.
Approach: They propose a cross-lingual neural part-of-speech tagger that learns from disparate sources of distant supervision in a uniform framework.
Outcome: The proposed model scales to hundreds of low-resource languages without access to gold annotated data.
Cross-Lingual Event Detection via Optimized Adversarial Training (2022.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Recent work in this area has harnessed the language-invariant qualities of pre-trained Multi-lingual Language Models.
Approach: They propose to use adversarial language adaptation to train a model to detect events in a target language.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art on 8 different language pairs, using 4 languages from unrelated families.
Cross-Lingual Text Classification with Minimal Resources by Transferring a Sparse Teacher (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing approaches for transferring supervision across languages require expensive cross-lingual resources.
Approach: They propose a cross-lingual teacher-student method that generates "weak" supervision in a target language using minimal cross-linguistic resources.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods with a student classifier in 18 languages . it extracts and transfers only the most important task-specific seed words across languages based on translated seed words .
Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Representation Learning (P19-4)

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Challenge: a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge weakly-supervised and unsupervised cross-lingual word representations is presented .
Approach: This tutorial provides a comprehensive survey of recent work on weakly-supervised and unsupervised cross-lingual word representations.
Outcome: This tutorial provides a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge weakly-supervised and unsupervised word representations.
A Survey on Recent Approaches for Natural Language Processing in Low-Resource Scenarios (2021.naacl-main)

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Challenge: a growing body of work is focused on improving performance in low-resource settings . a goal of this study is to explain how these methods differ in their requirements .
Approach: They propose to analyze data-lean scenarios across different dimensions of data availability to understand which approaches are effective in a specific low-resource setting.
Outcome: The proposed methods enable learning when training data is sparse.
A Little Annotation does a Lot of Good: A Study in Bootstrapping Low-resource Named Entity Recognizers (D19-1)

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Challenge: Named entity recognition models rely on large amounts of labeled data, making them challenging to extend to new, lower-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a method for bootstrapping named entity recognition models in under-resourced languages . they use cross-lingual transfer learning and targeted annotation of only uncertain entities .
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Cross-Lingual Contrastive Learning for Fine-Grained Entity Typing for Low-Resource Languages (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Experimental results show that by applying our framework, we can easily learn effective FGET models for low-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a cross-lingual contrastive learning framework to learn FGET models for low-resource languages.
Outcome: The proposed framework can learn effective FGET models for low-resource languages even without human-labeled data.
T3L: Translate-and-Test Transfer Learning for Cross-Lingual Text Classification (2023.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to cross-lingual text classification leverage text classifiers trained in a high-resource language to perform text classification in other languages with no or minimal fine-tuning.
Approach: They propose to combine a neural machine translator and a text classifier trained in a high-resource language to perform text classification in other languages with no or minimal fine-tuning.
Outcome: The proposed approach significantly improves over a baseline approach.
Bridging the Gap between Native Text and Translated Text through Adversarial Learning: A Case Study on Cross-Lingual Event Extraction (2023.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Recent research in cross-lingual learning has found that combining large-scale pretrained multilingual language models with machine translation can yield good performance.
Approach: They propose a model architecture that jointly encodes a source language input sentence with its translation to the target language during training and takes a target language sentence with it as input during evaluation.
Outcome: The proposed model architecture can integrate machine translation to improve event extraction while adding machine-translated data yields unstable performance due to representational gap.

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