Challenge: Existing approaches for transferring supervision across languages require expensive cross-lingual resources.
Approach: They propose a cross-lingual teacher-student method that generates "weak" supervision in a target language using minimal cross-linguistic resources.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods with a student classifier in 18 languages . it extracts and transfers only the most important task-specific seed words across languages based on translated seed words .

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Challenge: Existing approaches to cross-lingual text classification leverage text classifiers trained in a high-resource language to perform text classification in other languages with no or minimal fine-tuning.
Approach: They propose to combine a neural machine translator and a text classifier trained in a high-resource language to perform text classification in other languages with no or minimal fine-tuning.
Outcome: The proposed approach significantly improves over a baseline approach.
Multi-Source Cross-Lingual Model Transfer: Learning What to Share (P19-1)

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Challenge: Cross-lingual transfer learning (CLTL) is a viable method for building NLP models for a low-resource target language . however, many languages lack the labeled training data necessary for training deep neural nets for varying NLP tasks.
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Cross-Lingual Syntactic Transfer through Unsupervised Adaptation of Invertible Projections (P19-1)

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Challenge: Current systems for syntactic analysis tasks rely heavily on large scale annotated data.
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Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Representation Learning (P19-4)

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Challenge: a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge weakly-supervised and unsupervised cross-lingual word representations is presented .
Approach: This tutorial provides a comprehensive survey of recent work on weakly-supervised and unsupervised cross-lingual word representations.
Outcome: This tutorial provides a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge weakly-supervised and unsupervised word representations.
Cross-Lingual Optimization for Language Transfer in Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Adapting large language models to other languages often suffers from an overemphasis on English performance.
Approach: They propose a cross-lingual optimization technique that efficiently transfers an English-centric LLM to a target language while preserving its English capabilities.
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Low-resource Cross-lingual Event Type Detection via Distant Supervision with Minimal Effort (C18-1)

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Challenge: Currently, few or no language processing tools or resources exist for most languages . a problem is that there is not enough available training data even in resource-rich languages if the task is complex.
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Deep Pivot-Based Modeling for Cross-language Cross-domain Transfer with Minimal Guidance (D18-1)

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Challenge: a framework for cross-domain and cross-language transfer has hardly been explored . cross-linguistic and cross language transfer methods are used for multilingual applications .
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A Simple and Effective Method to Improve Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing zero-shot cross-lingual transfer methods rely on parallel corpora or bilingual dictionaries . however, its effect is limited by the gap between embedding clusters of different languages .
Approach: They propose Embedding-Push, Attention-Pull, and Robust targets to transfer English embeddings to virtual multilingual embedders without semantic loss.
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Model and Data Transfer for Cross-Lingual Sequence Labelling in Zero-Resource Settings (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing studies have proposed data-based cross-lingual transfer as an effective technique for cross-linguistic sequence labelling, but they have failed to perform well.
Approach: They propose to use data-based cross-lingual transfer to train supervised models from a source language to unlabelled target languages.
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Unsupervised Cross-lingual Transfer of Word Embedding Spaces (D18-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods for cross-lingual word mapping require cross-linguistic supervision, but this is not available for many low resource languages.
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