Challenge: Recent discussions suggest that further progress will come from scaling the right structure, not merely parameters or data, while preserving acquired knowledge.
Approach: They propose a width upscaling architecture that inserts lightweight expansions into linear modules while freezing all pre-trained parameters.
Outcome: The proposed architecture reduces severe forgetting while learning new knowledge on a controlled synthetic biography benchmark.

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Breaking Language Barriers: Cross-Lingual Continual Pre-Training at Scale (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides towards Artificial General Intelligence, but training them from scratch is prohibitively expensive.
Approach: They propose to continuously pre-train LLMs from existing pre-trained LLM models by using a set of parameters instead of randomly initializing them.
Outcome: The proposed approach saves significant resources and accelerates convergence and performance.
Continual Learning of Large Language Models (2025.emnlp-tutorials)

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Challenge: This tutorial explores the challenges of continual learning in large language models . participants will learn strategies to mitigate forgetting and manage data and evaluation pipelines .
Approach: This tutorial offers a comprehensive exploration of continual learning in the context of large language models.
Outcome: This tutorial explores the challenges of continual learning in large language models . participants will learn how to manage data and evaluation pipelines and adapt responsibly .
A Survey of Post-Training Scaling in Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated proficiency in understanding and generating human natural languages.
Approach: They propose a framework for scaling large language models using supervised fine-tuning, RLxF and test-time compute methodologies.
Outcome: The proposed model can be used to understand and generate human natural languages.
Recyclable Tuning for Continual Pre-training (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Continual pre-training is the paradigm where pre-trained language models acquire fresh knowledge and gradually get upgraded.
Approach: They propose to use adapted weights to recycle old PLMs for continual pre-training . they propose to combine initialization and distillation methods to achieve better performance .
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Unlocking Continual Learning Abilities in Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to learning models (LMs) incorporate old task data or task-wise inductive bias into LMs, but old data and accurate task information are often unavailable or costly to collect.
Approach: They propose a rehearsal-free method that updates model parameters with large magnitudes . they found that the L1-normalized magnitude distribution is different when different task data is used .
Outcome: The proposed method improves accuracy and performance on four CL benchmarks.
Disentangling Continued Pre-Training: Attention-Driven Routing and Semantic Hub Preservation in Language Adaptation (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Continued Pre-Training (CPT) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to acquire second-language capabilities, yet the mechanisms underlying CPT remain poorly understood.
Approach: They investigate how CPT adapts model representations across diverse language families and scripts, model sizes, and architectures.
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Language Scaling for Universal Suggested Replies Model (2021.naacl-industry)

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Challenge: We consider scaling automated suggested replies (SR) to multiple languages for a commercial email application.
Approach: They propose a multi-lingual multi-task continual learning framework with auxiliary tasks and language adapters to train universal language representation across regions.
Outcome: The proposed model reduces catastrophic forgetting and improves cross-lingual transfer across languages while reducing training costs.
RECALL: REpresentation-aligned Catastrophic-forgetting ALLeviation via Hierarchical Model Merging (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing models that require task labels or performance trade-offs are susceptible to catastrophic forgetting.
Approach: They propose a representation-aware model merging framework for continual learning without access to historical data.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms baselines in knowledge retention and generalization across five NLP tasks and multiple continual learning scenarios.
Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting in Massively Multilingual Continual Learning (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods to handle catastrophic forgetting fail to retain knowledge learnt in the past when sudden shifts occur in training data distributions.
Approach: They propose a learning rate scheduling method that preserves new information without strongly overwriting past knowledge.
Outcome: The proposed method preserves new information without overwriting past knowledge in a multilingual continuous learning framework.
Rethinking Long Context Generation from the Continual Learning Perspective (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with processing long contexts due to the limited context window.
Approach: They propose to combine a limited context window with a continual learning perspective to improve LLMs' efficiency in processing long contexts.
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