Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides towards Artificial General Intelligence, but training them from scratch is prohibitively expensive.
Approach: They propose to continuously pre-train LLMs from existing pre-trained LLM models by using a set of parameters instead of randomly initializing them.
Outcome: The proposed approach saves significant resources and accelerates convergence and performance.

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A Survey of Post-Training Scaling in Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated proficiency in understanding and generating human natural languages.
Approach: They propose a framework for scaling large language models using supervised fine-tuning, RLxF and test-time compute methodologies.
Outcome: The proposed model can be used to understand and generate human natural languages.
Continual Learning of Large Language Models (2025.emnlp-tutorials)

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Challenge: This tutorial explores the challenges of continual learning in large language models . participants will learn strategies to mitigate forgetting and manage data and evaluation pipelines .
Approach: This tutorial offers a comprehensive exploration of continual learning in the context of large language models.
Outcome: This tutorial explores the challenges of continual learning in large language models . participants will learn how to manage data and evaluation pipelines and adapt responsibly .
Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models under Continued Pre-training for Language Adaptation (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing large language models are notoriously English-centric, and their performance has been reported to drop significantly in lessresourced languages.
Approach: They propose a language-agnostic benchmark for in-context learning that reveals catastrophic forgetting early on CPT when English is not included.
Outcome: The proposed method does not impact validation perplexity but is critical for emergence of downstream capabilities in the target language.
Efficient Continual Pre-training of LLMs for Low-resource Languages (2025.naacl-industry)

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Challenge: Open-source large language models (LLMs) are a promising tool for low-resource languages . however, there is still a substantial performance gap between high-resourced languages and LRLs .
Approach: They develop an algorithm to select a subset of texts from a larger corpus and use it to select tokens for LLMs.
Outcome: The proposed algorithm reduces the cost of continual pre-training (CPT) with large amounts of language-specific data.
Towards Effective and Efficient Continual Pre-training of Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Continual pre-training (CPT) has been an important approach for adapting language models to specific domains or tasks.
Approach: They propose a Continual pre-training method that can greatly improve Chinese language ability and scientific reasoning ability of LLMs.
Outcome: The proposed method can greatly improve Chinese language ability and scientific reasoning ability of LLMs.
Lifelong Pretraining: Continually Adapting Language Models to Emerging Corpora (2022.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Pretrained language models are typically learned over a large, static corpus and fine-tuned for various downstream tasks.
Approach: They propose to continuously update a pretrained language model to adapt to emerging data and to keep track of the model's performance.
Outcome: The proposed model can adapt to new corpora while retaining knowledge in earlier domains.
Continual Mixed-Language Pre-Training for Extremely Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: a lack of data in low-resource languages has limited the performance of a multilingual pre-trained model.
Approach: They propose a continuous pre-training framework to adapt mBART to unseen languages . they construct noisy mixed-language text from the monolingual corpus of the target language .
Outcome: The proposed framework improves finetuning performance on low-resource translation pairs . the proposed framework also improves on translation pairs where both languages are seen .
Data-Centric Continual Pre-training for 500+ Languages: A New Bilingual Translation Corpus and Multilingual Models (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large language models pre-trained on massive data have promoted multilingual natural language processing (NLP).
Approach: They construct a bilingual translation corpus with 2,500 language pairs and develop a suite of four models with parallel data.
Outcome: The proposed model suites are evaluated across 7 tasks and 12 benchmarks.
Continual Training of Language Models for Few-Shot Learning (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent work on applying large language models (LMs) achieves impressive performance in many NLP applications.
Approach: They propose to continuously post-train an LM with unlabeled domains to expand its knowledge without forgetting previous skills.
Outcome: The proposed system improves few-shot end-task learning in these domains.
Disentangling Continued Pre-Training: Attention-Driven Routing and Semantic Hub Preservation in Language Adaptation (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Continued Pre-Training (CPT) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to acquire second-language capabilities, yet the mechanisms underlying CPT remain poorly understood.
Approach: They investigate how CPT adapts model representations across diverse language families and scripts, model sizes, and architectures.
Outcome: The proposed model can be surgically transferred between base and CPT models with minimal loss.

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