Challenge: Existing methods for mixing-of-agents (MoA) lack model selection criteria and struggle with large model pools.
Approach: They propose a mixture-of-agents framework with dynamic routing that uses a lightweight scorer to perform initial screening and refines the model scores through self- and cross-assessment.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms existing methods for large model pools and tasks . it reduces cost by 89.8% and latency by 63.6% in the large-scale model pool.

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MixLLM: Dynamic Routing in Mixed Large Language Models (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit potential artificial generic intelligence, however, their usage is costly with high response latency.
Approach: They develop a dynamic contextual-bandit-based routing system for query-LLM assignment that leverages query tags to enhance query embeddings.
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RouterHGC: Optimized Router for LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems via Heterogeneous Graph Contrastive Learning (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs)-driven Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) have demonstrated remarkable scalability and generalizability across complex tasks.
Approach: They propose a new framework for routing using large language models . they formalize routing as node selection through edge-weight prediction .
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MasRouter: Learning to Route LLMs for Multi-Agent Systems (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Multi-agent systems (MAS) powered by Large Language Models (LLMs) have been demonstrated to push the boundaries of LLM capabilities, yet they often face significant costs and challenges in dynamic LLM selection.
Approach: They propose a multi-agent system routing solution that integrates all components of MAS into a unified routing framework.
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Select-then-Route : Taxonomy guided Routing for LLMs (2025.emnlp-industry)

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Challenge: Large language models have boosted performance across a broad spectrum of tasks . sending each query to the most suitable model is prohibitively expensive .
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Can We Predict Before Executing Machine Learning Agents? (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to scientific discovery rely on expensive physical execution . a Generate-Execute-Feedback paradigm is costly and slow .
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TensorOpera Router: A Multi-Model Router for Efficient LLM Inference (2024.emnlp-industry)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across a diverse set of domain-specific tasks.
Approach: They propose a non-monolithic LLM querying system that seamlessly integrates various LLM experts into a single query interface and dynamically routes incoming queries to the most high-performant expert based on query’s requirements.
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Maximum Score Routing For Mixture-of-Experts (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Traditional mixture-of-experts (MoE) networks impose an expert capacity constraint to ensure GPU-friendly computation.
Approach: They propose a routing paradigm that dynamically allocates input tokens to top-k experts through differentiable sparse transformations, enabling scalable model capacity while preserving computational efficiency.
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DSMoE: Matrix-Partitioned Experts with Dynamic Routing for Computation-Efficient Dense LLMs (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing sparsification methods like pruning can lose model knowledge through parameter removal.
Approach: They propose a novel approach that achieves sparsification by partitioning pre-trained FFN layers into computational blocks.
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HyperMoE: Towards Better Mixture of Experts via Transferring Among Experts (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods for enhancing performance through increased use of expert knowledge often result in diminishing sparsity during expert selection.
Approach: They propose a framework that integrates the computational processes of MoE with the concept of knowledge transferring in multi-task learning.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms existing methods under identical conditions concerning the number of experts.
Generalising LLM Routing using Past Performance Retrieval: A Few-Shot Router is Sufficient (2026.eacl-srw)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) use a single LLM to perform tasks.
Approach: They propose a meta-evaluation framework that predicts per-model performance for new queries by retrieving similar past queries and reweighting model scores with lightweight attention.
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