Challenge: Existing methods for enhancing performance through increased use of expert knowledge often result in diminishing sparsity during expert selection.
Approach: They propose a framework that integrates the computational processes of MoE with the concept of knowledge transferring in multi-task learning.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms existing methods under identical conditions concerning the number of experts.

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A Closer Look into Mixture-of-Experts in Large Language Models (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Mixture-of-experts (MoE) architectures are gaining increasing attention for their unique properties and remarkable performance.
Approach: They propose a mixture-of-experts architecture that allows for model scaling without sacrificing computational efficiency.
Outcome: The proposed model increases model size without sacrificing computational efficiency . the proposed model is modular and can be used by a broad spectrum of practitioners .
AutoMoE: Heterogeneous Mixture-of-Experts with Adaptive Computation for Efficient Neural Machine Translation (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing MoE designs do not consider computational constraints (e.g., FLOPs, latency) Existing works in MoE consider homogeneous design where the same number of experts of the same size are placed uniformly throughout the network.
Approach: They propose a framework for designing heterogeneous MoEs under computational constraints.
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves 4x inference speedup and FLOPs reduction over manual models and within 1 BLEU point of MoE SwitchTransformer over benchmark datasets for NMT.
XMoE: Sparse Models with Fine-grained and Adaptive Expert Selection (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: XMoE leverages small experts and a threshold-based router to selectively engage only essential parameters.
Approach: They propose a novel MoE that leverages small experts to selectively engage only essential parameters.
Outcome: The proposed model can reduce computation load at MoE layers by over 50% without sacrificing performance.
Harder Task Needs More Experts: Dynamic Routing in MoE Models (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Unlike existing MoE approaches that rely on fixed TopK Routing, our dynamic expert selection framework dynamically allocates experts based on the confidence level in expert selection for each input.
Approach: They propose a dynamic expert selection framework that dynamically allocates experts based on the confidence level in expert selection for each input.
Outcome: The proposed method achieves an average improvement of 0.7% with less than 90% activated parameters and outperforms dense models in QA and machine translation tasks.
CartesianMoE: Boosting Knowledge Sharing among Experts via Cartesian Product Routing in Mixture-of-Experts (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have been attracting much attention due to their impressive performance in all kinds of downstream tasks.
Approach: They propose a mix-of-experts model that allows the model size to grow without raising training costs.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models in perplexity and robustness tests.
Efficiently Editing Mixture-of-Experts Models with Compressed Experts (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Mixture-of-Experts models allow for efficient scaling of large language models . fewer experts reduce computational costs, while more experts improve performance .
Approach: They propose to activate only a subset of experts during training and inference . they propose compressed experts that preserve the most important experts .
Outcome: The proposed approach preserves the most important experts while replacing other auxiliary activated experts with compressed experts.
SwapMoE: Serving Off-the-shelf MoE-based Large Language Models with Tunable Memory Budget (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Mixture of experts (MoE) is a popular technique to improve capacity of Large Language Models (LLMs) but memory-constrained devices are a major concern in edge AI training and serving.
Approach: They propose a framework for efficient serving of MoE-based large language models with tunable memory budgets.
Outcome: Experiments show that SwapMoE can reduce memory consumption while maintaining reasonable accuracy.
HMoE: Heterogeneous Mixture of Experts for Language Modeling (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Mixture of Experts (MoE) models use homogeneous experts with diverse capacities, resulting in a lack of expert specialization and parameter utilization.
Approach: They propose a framework where experts differ in size and possess diverse capacities . they propose HMoE to encourage frequent activation of smaller experts .
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms homogeneous homogenous MoE models on evaluation benchmarks and achieves lower loss rate with fewer activated parameters.
Bag of Tricks for Sparse Mixture-of-Experts: A Benchmark Across Reasoning, Efficiency, and Safety (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing benchmarks focus on isolated aspects of MoE, with conflicting conclusions . a lack of consensus on optimal design choices is limiting to specific aspects of the model.
Approach: They propose to evaluate two popular MoE backbones across four dimensions of design choices . they find token-level routing and z-loss regularization improve reasoning performance .
Outcome: The proposed framework evaluates two popular MoE backbones on over eight metrics.
StableMoE: Stable Routing Strategy for Mixture of Experts (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing learning-to-route methods suffer from the routing fluctuation issue . with the model scale growing, training speed will go slower and memory requirements are heavy .
Approach: They propose a Mixture-of-Experts technique that can scale up the model size of Transformers with an affordable computational overhead.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing learning-to-route methods on language modeling and multilingual machine translation.

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