Challenge: Existing LLMs consistently underperform across all tasks, with 10-shot learning and fine-tuning offering only limited improvements.
Approach: They introduce FormosanBench, a benchmark for evaluating LLMs on low-resource Austronesian languages.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark covers three endangered Formosan languages: Atayal, Amis, and Paiwan . existing LLMs consistently underperform across all tasks, with 10-shot learning and fine-tuning offering only limited improvements.

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in machine translation, but struggle with unseen low-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a benchmark to evaluate translation for Mongolian and Yi using linguistic resources.
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MELABenchv1: Benchmarking Large Language Models against Smaller Fine-Tuned Models for Low-Resource Maltese NLP (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance across various NLP tasks, largely due to their generalisability and ability to perform tasks without additional training.
Approach: They evaluate the performance of 55 publicly available Large Language Models on Maltese, a low-resource language, using a newly introduced benchmark covering 11 discriminative and generative tasks.
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Improving Low-Resource Machine Translation for Formosan Languages Using Bilingual Lexical Resources (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Using bilingual lexicons for low-resource languages can improve machine translation for low resource languages.
Approach: They propose to use bilingual lexicons to improve machine translation for low-resource languages . they use parallel data and bilingual dictionaries to generate pseudo-parallel sentences .
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High-quality Data-to-Text Generation for Severely Under-Resourced Languages with Out-of-the-box Large Language Models (2024.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Pretrained large language models (LLMs) can bridge the performance gap for under-resourced languages by substantial margins, as measured by both automatic and human evaluations.
Approach: They propose to use pretrained large language models to bridge this gap by automating and evaluating data-to-text generation in under-resourced languages.
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IrokoBench: A New Benchmark for African Languages in the Age of Large Language Models (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are limited to a few high-resource languages . many low-resourced languages are evaluated only on basic text classification tasks .
Approach: They propose to use IrokoBench to evaluate 17 low-resource African languages . they use human-translated benchmark datasets to evaluate zero-shot, few-shot and translate-test settings .
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LLMs for Extremely Low-Resource Finno-Ugric Languages (2025.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Low-resource languages such as those in the Finno-Ugric family are underrepresented in large language models.
Approach: They propose to develop large language models for extremely low-resource languages . they focus on Vro, Livonian, and Komi, which are underrepresented .
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LLMs for Low Resource Languages in Multilingual, Multimodal and Dialectal Settings (2024.eacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: Recent advances in AI can be attributed to the remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) success of LLMs depends on specific training techniques, such as instruction tuning and prompting .
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Representing the Under-Represented: Cultural and Core Capability Benchmarks for Developing Thai Large Language Models (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Rapid advancements in large language models have highlighted the need for robust evaluation frameworks that assess their core capabilities.
Approach: They propose two benchmarks to assess core capabilities of large language models . current benchmarks for Thai focus mainly on traditional NLP tasks .
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Batayan: A Filipino NLP benchmark for evaluating Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities on widely benchmarked high-resource languages.
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MEGAVERSE: Benchmarking Large Language Models Across Languages, Modalities, Models and Tasks (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Several new LLMs have been introduced necessitating their evaluation on non-English languages.
Approach: They perform a thorough evaluation of the non-English capabilities of SoTA LLMs by comparing them on the same set of multilingual datasets.
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