Challenge: Recent advances in reasoning and planning capabilities of large language models have enabled their potential as autonomous agents capable of tool use in dynamic environments.
Approach: They propose an input-reformulation multi-agent framework that reformulates user queries .
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms ReAct, Function Calling, and Self-Reflection in overall pass5 scores.

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ACEBench: A Comprehensive Evaluation of LLM Tool Usage (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing benchmarks for evaluating LLMs’ tool usage face several limitations: limited evaluation scenarios, lacking assessments in real multi-turn dialogue contexts; narrow evaluation dimensions, with insufficient detailed assessments of how LLM use tools; and reliance on LLM or real API executions for evaluation, which introduces significant overhead.
Approach: ACEBench is a benchmark for evaluating tool usage in Large Language Models . it categorizes data into three primary types based on evaluation methodology: Normal, Special, and Agent.
Outcome: ACEBench categorizes data into three primary types based on evaluation methodology: Normal, Special, and Agent.
FAMA: Failure-Aware Meta-Agentic Framework for Open-Source LLMs in Interactive Tool Use Environments (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models are being increasingly deployed as decision-making core of autonomous agents . however, in conversational benchmarks, these agents fail due to the cascading effects of incorrect decision- making .
Approach: They propose a framework that analyzes failure trajectories from baseline agents to identify most prevalent errors.
Outcome: Experiments show that the framework improves performance over open-source LLMs . the framework can be used to build reliable, multi-turn tool-use agents .
Middleware for LLMs: Tools Are Instrumental for Language Agents in Complex Environments (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are generalist agents capable of operating within complex environments.
Approach: They propose a class of tools that can serve as a middleware layer shielding LLMs from environmental complexity.
Outcome: The proposed tool can shield the LLM from environmental complexity in two representative complex environments.
ToolScope: Enhancing LLM Agent Tool Use through Tool Merging and Context-Aware Filtering (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language model (LLM) agents often face strict input context limits, preventing efficient consideration of large toolsets.
Approach: They propose a tool that allows LLMs to merge tools with auto-correction and toolScopeRetriever to rank and select only the most relevant tools for each query.
Outcome: Evaluations on three state-of-the-art LLMs and three open-source tool-use benchmarks show gains of 8.38% to 38.6% in tool selection accuracy.
ToolOmni: Enabling Open-World Tool Use via Agentic learning with Proactive Retrieval and Grounded Execution (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods for large language models struggle to align user intent with tool semantics or generalize to unseen tools.
Approach: They propose a framework that enables LLMs for open-world tool use by proactive retrieval and grounded execution within a reasoning loop.
Outcome: The proposed framework surpasses baselines in retrieval and execution efficiency by +10.8%.
DICE-BENCH: Evaluating the Tool-Use Capabilities of Large Language Models in Multi-Round, Multi-Party Dialogues (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing function-calling benchmarks focus on single-turn interactions but ignore complexity of real-world scenarios.
Approach: They propose a framework that constructs practical function-calling datasets by synthesizing conversations through a tool graph that maintains dependencies across rounds.
Outcome: The proposed framework synthesizes conversations through a tool graph that maintains dependencies across rounds and a multi-agent system with distinct personas to enhance dialogue naturalness.
An Evaluation Mechanism of LLM-based Agents on Manipulating APIs (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have remarkable capabilities across a variety of tasks, such as language, mathematics, coding, and etc.
Approach: They propose to decompose tool use capability into seven aspects and form a thorough evaluation schema for generic agents.
Outcome: The proposed agent acts like a super-APP and can manipulate API-based tools.
A Joint Optimization Framework for Enhancing Efficiency of Tool Utilization in LLM Agents (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing efforts for tool utilization involve an LLM agent that contains instructions on using the description of the available tools to determine and call the tools required to solve the problem.
Approach: They propose to optimize the context of LLM agents by combining the instructions provided in agent prompts and tool descriptions to enhance their interaction.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves both the instructions provided in agent prompt and tool description, enhancing their interaction.
How Good Are LLMs at Processing Tool Outputs? (2026.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Real-world task automation tasks require large language models to call tools, which often return complex JSON responses.
Approach: They evaluated 15 open and closed weight models using multiple prompting approaches to evaluate their tool response processing task and their ability to process structured (JSON) responses.
Outcome: The proposed model can process structured (JSON) responses with 3% to 50% performance differences.
Small LLMs Are Weak Tool Learners: A Multi-LLM Agent (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing with impressive capabilities, but they lack domain specificity, real-time information and face challenges in solving specialized problems.
Approach: They propose a multi-LLM approach that decomposes the aforementioned capabilities into a planner, caller, and summarizer.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models by demonstrating its effectiveness and advantages in tool learning.

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