Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing with impressive capabilities, but they lack domain specificity, real-time information and face challenges in solving specialized problems.
Approach: They propose a multi-LLM approach that decomposes the aforementioned capabilities into a planner, caller, and summarizer.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models by demonstrating its effectiveness and advantages in tool learning.

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Towards large language model-based personal agents in the enterprise: Current trends and open problems (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing large language models (LLMs) are brittle to input changes and can produce inconsistent results for the same inputs.
Approach: They propose to use large language models to reason about complex goals and orchestrate a set of pluggable tools or APIs to accomplish a goal.
Outcome: The proposed use cases have many open problems in an exciting area of NLP research, such as trust and explainability, consistency and reproducibility, and the need for new metrics and benchmarks.
Towards Effective and Efficient Multi-Agent Language Model Systems: Foundations, Prospects, and Applications (2026.acl-tutorials)

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Challenge: Multi-agent systems powered by large language models still face challenges . tutorial focuses on three core components to build effective and efficient systems .
Approach: This tutorial introduces recent advances in building effective and efficient multi-agent LLM systems . it focuses on three core components: model distillation, dynamic routing, memory- and compute efficient serving .
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Learning to Use Tools via Cooperative and Interactive Agents (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing methods for large language models (LLMs) use one agent to iterate and execute tools, but they suffer from performance degradation when addressing practical tasks.
Approach: They propose a tool learning framework that coordinates three specialized agents for tool selection, tool execution, and action calibration separately.
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AgentGym: Evaluating and Training Large Language Model-based Agents across Diverse Environments (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are promising foundations to build generally-capable agents . however, the community lacks a unified interactive framework that covers diverse environments for comprehensive evaluation of agents.
Approach: They propose a framework that features 7 real-world scenarios, 14 environments, and 89 tasks for unified, real-time, and concurrent agent interaction.
Outcome: The proposed framework features 7 real-world scenarios, 14 environments, and 89 tasks for unified, real-time, and concurrent agent interaction.
A Review of Prominent Paradigms for LLM-Based Agents: Tool Use, Planning (Including RAG), and Feedback Learning (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models have been used for planning, tool use, and feedback learning . inconsistent taxonomy and complexity of workflows create challenges .
Approach: They propose a unified taxonomy to review and discuss the three paradigms . they define environments/tasks, common LLM-profiled roles and universally applicable workflows based on prior work .
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Middleware for LLMs: Tools Are Instrumental for Language Agents in Complex Environments (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are generalist agents capable of operating within complex environments.
Approach: They propose a class of tools that can serve as a middleware layer shielding LLMs from environmental complexity.
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Enhancing Open-Domain Task-Solving Capability of LLMs via Autonomous Tool Integration from GitHub (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing approaches lack flexibility to address diverse and ever-evolving user queries in open domains.
Approach: They propose to evaluate LLMs on open-domain knowledge that requires tools to solve diverse and ever-evolving user queries.
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ToolCPT: Improving Tool Utilization in LLM Agents via Continuous Pre-training (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Current approaches to enhancing tool use for LLM-based agents focus on post-training fine-tuning or test-time context extension.
Approach: They propose to enhance tool knowledge for LLM-based agents during continuous pre-training . they curate 5.1 million code artifacts from large-scale, high-quality code repositories .
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A Survey on LLM-powered Agents for Recommender Systems (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large Language Models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding, reasoning, and generation.
Approach: They present a comprehensive synthesis of large language models and their applications . they dissect a four-module agent architecture and review representative designs .
Outcome: The proposed models address fundamental challenges in traditional recommender systems . they include limited comprehension of complex user intents, insufficient interaction capabilities .
TPTU-v2: Boosting Task Planning and Tool Usage of Large Language Model-based Agents in Real-world Industry Systems (2024.emnlp-industry)

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Challenge: Large language models have demonstrated proficiency in addressing tasks that necessitate a combination of task planning and the usage of external tools.
Approach: They propose a framework to enhance the task planning and tool usage abilities of LLMs in industrial systems.
Outcome: The proposed framework enhances the task planning and tool usage abilities of LLM-based agents in industrial systems.

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