Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have advanced natural language processing, but their effectiveness is often hampered by parameter mis-filling during tool calling.
Approach: They propose a hierarchical tool error checklist framework to diagnose and mitigate tool-calling errors without relying on extensive real-world interactions.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves parameter-filling accuracy and tool-calling success rates compared to baseline methods.

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ToolSword: Unveiling Safety Issues of Large Language Models in Tool Learning Across Three Stages (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing research focuses on enhancing LLMs capabilities through tool utilization.
Approach: They propose a framework to investigate safety issues in large language models in tool learning . they propose malicious queries and jailbreak attacks in the input stage .
Outcome: The proposed framework investigates six safety scenarios for LLMs in tool learning . the data will be released upon acceptance of the proposed framework .
Lost in Execution: On the Multilingual Robustness of Tool Calling in Large Language Models (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agents that invoke external tools through structured function calls.
Approach: They introduce a diagnostic benchmark and conduct a systematic evaluation of multilingual tool calling across Chinese, Hindi, and the low-resource language Igbo.
Outcome: The proposed benchmarks show that multilingual tool calling fails despite correct intent understanding and tool selection.
CRITICTOOL: Evaluating Self-Critique Capabilities of Large Language Models in Tool-Calling Error Scenarios (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a number of tools are used to perform complex tasks, but the tool utilization process can cause errors.
Approach: They propose a critique evaluation benchmark for tool learning that analyzes function-calling errors on tool evaluation benchmarks.
Outcome: The proposed critique evaluation benchmark holds diverse tool-use errors with varying complexities, which better reflects real-world scenarios.
ToolCoder: A Systematic Code-Empowered Tool Learning Framework for Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to tool learning rely on hand-crafted prompts and natural language reasoning, making multi-step planning difficult and lacking precise error diagnosis and reflection mechanisms.
Approach: They propose a framework that reformulates tool learning as a code generation task.
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves superior performance in task completion accuracy and execution reliability compared to existing approaches.
TL-Training: A Task-Feature-Based Framework for Training Large Language Models in Tool Use (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a new approach to training large language models (LLMs) overlooks task-specific characteristics in tool use, leading to performance bottlenecks.
Approach: They propose a task-feature-based framework that mitigates the effects of suboptimal training data . they use a dataset to train large-scale LLMs and a reward mechanism tailored to error categories .
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Feedback-Driven Tool-Use Improvements in Large Language Models via Automated Build Environments (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Currently, there are no efficient reinforcement learning (RL) frameworks specifically designed for tool use.
Approach: They propose an automated environment construction pipeline that incorporates scenario decomposition, document generation, function integration, complexity scaling, and localized deployment to enable high-quality training environments without external tools.
Outcome: The proposed framework significantly improves the models’ tool-use performance without degrading their general capabilities.
Small LLMs Are Weak Tool Learners: A Multi-LLM Agent (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing with impressive capabilities, but they lack domain specificity, real-time information and face challenges in solving specialized problems.
Approach: They propose a multi-LLM approach that decomposes the aforementioned capabilities into a planner, caller, and summarizer.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models by demonstrating its effectiveness and advantages in tool learning.
Improving Large Language Models Function Calling and Interpretability via Guided-Structured Templates (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) have strong reasoning and tool-use capabilities, yet fail in real-world tool-interactions due to incorrect parameterization, poor tool selection, or misinterpretation of user intent.
Approach: They propose a curriculum-inspired framework that leverages structured reasoning templates to guide LLMs through more deliberate step-by-step instructions for generating function calls.
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A Joint Optimization Framework for Enhancing Efficiency of Tool Utilization in LLM Agents (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing efforts for tool utilization involve an LLM agent that contains instructions on using the description of the available tools to determine and call the tools required to solve the problem.
Approach: They propose to optimize the context of LLM agents by combining the instructions provided in agent prompts and tool descriptions to enhance their interaction.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves both the instructions provided in agent prompt and tool description, enhancing their interaction.
NesTools: A Dataset for Evaluating Nested Tool Learning Abilities of Large Language Models (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing benchmarks on nested tool learning are lacking relevant data instances.
Approach: They propose a method to construct large-scale nested tool calls with different nesting structures using a large-quality dataset.
Outcome: The proposed method can be used to evaluate the nested tool learning abilities of large language models (LLMs) in real-world applications.

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