Challenge: NN-Rank is an algorithm for ranking source languages for cross-lingual transfer . it leverages hidden representations from multilingual models and unlabeled target-language data .
Approach: They propose an algorithm for ranking source languages for cross-lingual transfer which leverages hidden representations from multilingual models and unlabeled target-language data.
Outcome: The proposed algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art models on in-domain data and shows that it can achieve 92.8% of the NDCG achieved using all available target data.

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Make the Best of Cross-lingual Transfer: Evidence from POS Tagging with over 100 Languages (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies on cross-lingual generalisability of large pre-trained models use English training data and test data in unseen languages.
Approach: They propose to use multilingual pre-trained models to model cross-lingual transfer in a selection of target languages.
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Massively Multilingual Transfer for NER (P19-1)

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Challenge: Existing approaches for cross-lingual transfer use a single source language, but there are exceptions.
Approach: They propose two techniques for modulating the transfer, suitable for zero-shot or few-shot learning, respectively.
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Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual NER Using Phonemic Representations for Low-Resource Languages (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing zero-shot cross-lingual NER approaches require substantial prior knowledge of the target language, which is impractical for low-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a phonemic representation based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to bridge the gap between representations of different languages.
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Zero-shot Cross-lingual NER via Mitigating Language Difference: An Entity-aligned Translation Perspective (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to cross-lingual Named Entity Recognition focus on Latin script language (LSL) for non-Latin script language, performance often degrades due to deep structural differences.
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Cross-Lingual Transfer in Zero-Shot Cross-Language Entity Linking (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing work on cross-language entity linking grounds mentions written in multiple languages to a monolingual knowledge base is lacking.
Approach: They propose a task that uses multilingual BERT representations of both the mention and context as input and explore zero-shot language transfer.
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Choosing Transfer Languages for Cross-Lingual Learning (P19-1)

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Challenge: Cross-lingual transfer is a useful tool for improving performance of natural language processing (NLP) on low-resource languages.
Approach: They propose to use cross-lingual transfer to improve accuracy of low-resource languages . they build models that consider features to perform prediction on such languages based on ranking problem .
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Can Monolingual Pretrained Models Help Cross-Lingual Classification? (2020.aacl-main)

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Challenge: Multilingual pretrained language models have shown impressive results for cross-lingual transfer, but due to the constant model capacity, multilingual pre-training usually lags behind the monolingual competitors.
Approach: They propose to transfer the knowledge from monolingual pretrained models to multilingual ones to improve zero-shot cross-lingual classification by using machine translation systems.
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A Simple and Effective Method to Improve Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing zero-shot cross-lingual transfer methods rely on parallel corpora or bilingual dictionaries . however, its effect is limited by the gap between embedding clusters of different languages .
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CROP: Zero-shot Cross-lingual Named Entity Recognition with Multilingual Labeled Sequence Translation (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Named entity recognition (NER) suffers from the scarcity of annotated training data, especially for low-resource languages without labeled data.
Approach: They propose a cross-lingual entity projection framework to enable zero-shot cross-linguistic NER with the help of a multilingual labeled sequence translation model.
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Analyzing the Evaluation of Cross-Lingual Knowledge Transfer in Multilingual Language Models (2024.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Recent advances in training multilingual models on large datasets have shown promising results in knowledge transfer across languages.
Approach: They challenge the assumption that high zero-shot performance reflects high cross-lingual ability by introducing more challenging setups involving instances with multiple languages.
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