Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) generate unreliable responses due to their cognitive alignment of context and intent.
Approach: They propose a benchmark to identify possible implicit assumptions in QA questions . they use retrieved Wikipedia fragments to identify interpretations for a given query .
Outcome: The proposed benchmark identifies possible implicit assumptions and improves answer accuracy by 11.75% . retrieved Wikipedia fragments help identify possible interpretations for a given query .

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Model Analysis & Evaluation for Ambiguous Question Answering (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Ambiguous questions are a challenge for Question Answering models as they require answers that cover multiple interpretations of the original query.
Approach: They aim to investigate whether model/data scaling improves the answers’ quality and whether automated metrics align with human judgment.
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AmbigQA: Answering Ambiguous Open-domain Questions (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing open-domain question answering systems assume questions have a single welldefined answer.
Approach: They propose an open-domain question answering task which involves finding every plausible answer and rewriting the question for each one to resolve the ambiguity.
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ASQA: Factoid Questions Meet Long-Form Answers (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent progress on factoid question answering (QA) does not easily transfer to the task of long-form QA where the goal is to generate detailed explanations.
Approach: They propose a task that focuses on ambiguous factoid questions which have different correct answers depending on interpretation.
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Asking Clarification Questions to Handle Ambiguity in Open-Domain QA (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Ambiguous questions persist in open-domain question answering because formulating a precise question with a unique answer is often challenging.
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CLAMBER: A Benchmark of Identifying and Clarifying Ambiguous Information Needs in Large Language Models (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models are used to meet user information needs, but their effectiveness in dealing with user queries that contain various types of ambiguity remains unknown.
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Teaching Vision-Language Models to Ask: Resolving Ambiguity in Visual Questions (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing research addresses ambiguous visual questions by rephrasing questions, but it fails to address the inherently interactive nature of user interactions with visual language models (VLMs). Existing studies focus on re-phrase questions, and lack of a benchmark to assess VLMs’ capacity for resolving ambiguities through interaction.
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PRACTIQ: A Practical Conversational Text-to-SQL dataset with Ambiguous and Unanswerable Queries (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing text-to-SQL systems focus on user questions with clear intentions that can be answered, but real user questions can be ambiguous with multiple interpretations or unanswerable due to a lack of relevant data.
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DebateQA: Evaluating Question Answering on Debatable Knowledge (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Existing QA benchmarks that provide fixed answers to debatable questions are inadequate for evaluating their performance.
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Answering Ambiguous Questions through Generative Evidence Fusion and Round-Trip Prediction (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Open-domain question answering is a task to answer questions using passages with diverse topics.
Approach: They propose a model that aggregates evidence from multiple passages to adaptively predict a single answer or a set of question-answer pairs for ambiguous questions.
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RoMQA: A Benchmark for Robust, Multi-evidence, Multi-answer Question Answering (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing QA models are not robust to variations in question constraints, but can be made more robust by tuning on clusters of related questions.
Approach: They introduce RoMQA, the first benchmark for robust, multi-evidence, multianswer question answering (QA) RoMQ contains clusters of related questions that are derived from the Wikidata knowledge graph .
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