Challenge: Existing QA models are not robust to variations in question constraints, but can be made more robust by tuning on clusters of related questions.
Approach: They introduce RoMQA, the first benchmark for robust, multi-evidence, multianswer question answering (QA) RoMQ contains clusters of related questions that are derived from the Wikidata knowledge graph .
Outcome: The proposed model is the first benchmark for robust, multi-evidence, multianswer question answering (QA) compared to prior QA datasets, it has more human-written questions that require reasoning over more evidence text and have, on average, many more correct answers.

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WikiHowQA: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Multi-Document Non-Factoid Question Answering (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Answering non-factoid questions (NFQs) is a challenging task, requiring passage-level answers that are difficult to construct and evaluate.
Approach: They propose a multi-document NFQA benchmark built on WikiHow, a website dedicated to answering “how-to” questions.
Outcome: The proposed framework includes 11,746 human-written answers along with 74,527 supporting documents.
MLQA: Evaluating Cross-lingual Extractive Question Answering (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Question answering (QA) models have shown rapid progress enabled by the availability of large, high-quality benchmark datasets.
Approach: They present a multi-way aligned extractive QA evaluation benchmark in 7 languages . they evaluate state-of-the-art cross-lingual models and machine-translation-based baselines .
Outcome: The proposed model is based on MLQA, which has over 12K instances in english and 5K in each other language.
RobustQA: Benchmarking the Robustness of Domain Adaptation for Open-Domain Question Answering (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing ODQA datasets consist mainly of Wikipedia corpus, and are insufficient to study models’ generalizability across diverse domains.
Approach: They propose a benchmark to evaluate ODQA's domain robustness using Wikipedia corpus . they annotate QA pairs in retrieval datasets with rigorous quality control .
Outcome: The proposed benchmark improves model performance on annotated QA pairs in retrieval datasets with rigorous quality control.
MKQA: A Linguistically Diverse Benchmark for Multilingual Open Domain Question Answering (2021.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Existing multilingual QA datasets lack linguistic diversity and comparable evaluation between languages.
Approach: They propose a multilingual question-answer evaluation set with 10k English queries and human translations of them into 25 additional languages and dialects.
Outcome: The proposed model is based on a multilingual knowledge questions and answers evaluation set with 26 languages.
NoiseQA: Challenge Set Evaluation for User-Centric Question Answering (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Question-Answering (QA) systems are deployed in the real world . a lack of research attention has been devoted to studying the issues that arise when people use QA systems.
Approach: They show that component components that precede an answering engine can introduce varied and considerable sources of error.
Outcome: The proposed evaluations highlight the need for QA evaluation to expand to consider real-world use.
HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answering (D18-1)

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Challenge: Existing question answering (QA) datasets fail to train QA systems to perform complex reasoning and provide explanations for answers.
Approach: They propose a new dataset with 113k Wikipedia-based question-answer pairs with four key features: (1) the questions require finding and reasoning over multiple supporting documents to answer; (2) the questions are diverse and not constrained to any pre-existing knowledge bases or knowledge schemas; (3) the questions provide sentence-level supporting facts required for reasoning; and (4) a type of factoid comparison questions to test QA systems’ ability to extract relevant facts and perform necessary comparison.
Outcome: The proposed dataset has 113k Wikipedia-based question-answer pairs and four key features that make it challenging for the latest QA systems.
MESAQA: A Dataset for Multi-Span Contextual and Evidence-Grounded Question Answering (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing question answering systems focus on extracting answers from single spans, but real-world scenarios require synthesizing information from multiple spans.
Approach: They propose a dataset that leverages the MASH-QA dataset and large language models (LLMs) to ensure that each Q/A pair requires considering all selected spans.
Outcome: The proposed method enables the model to answer multiple Q/A pairs in a single span, while ensuring that all selected spans are considered.
Bend but Don’t Break? Multi-Challenge Stress Test for QA Models (D19-58)

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Challenge: a gap remains in reasoning ability compared to a human, and performance tends to degrade when models are exposed to less-constrained tasks.
Approach: They conduct extensive qualitative and quantitative analyses on the results of four models across four datasets . they relate common errors to model capabilities and discuss a way forward .
Outcome: The proposed model performance is based on the results of four models across four datasets.
DisastQA: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Question Answering in Disaster Management (2026.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing benchmarks for question answering (QA) are lacking in a high-stakes environment.
Approach: They propose a rigorously verified benchmark of 3,000 expert-annotated questions . they propose 'keypoint-based evaluation protocol' emphasizing factual completeness over verbosity .
Outcome: Experiments with 20 models reveal substantial divergences from general-purpose models such as MMLU-Pro.
XLQA: A Benchmark for Locale-Aware Multilingual Open-Domain Question Answering (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant progress in Open-domain question answering (ODQA) but most evaluations focus on English and assume locale-invariant answers across languages.
Approach: They propose a benchmark specifically designed for locale-sensitive multilingual ODQA that uses 3,000 English seed questions expanded to eight languages.
Outcome: The proposed benchmarks are based on 3,000 English seed questions expanded to eight languages and a human-verified annotation distinguishing locale-invariant and locale-sensitive cases.

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