Challenge: Question Answering datasets are scarce for languages other than English due to the cost and difficulties of collection and manual annotation.
Approach: They propose a method for generating and validating QA datasets for low-resource languages . they use English data as context to generate synthetic multiple-choice (MC) question-answer pairs .
Outcome: The proposed method maintains quality, reduces likelihood of factual errors, and circumvents costly annotation.

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How Can Synthetic Data Improve Multilingual Language Model Pretraining? A Data Quality Perspective (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Low-resource languages are a long-tail problem for multilingual LLMs due to limited high-quality training data.
Approach: They propose a method that translates high-quality, knowledge-rich English data into low-resource languages . they propose SynRank, which leverages synthetic data as positive samples to train a classifier .
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Question-Answering in a Low-resourced Language: Benchmark Dataset and Models for Tigrinya (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Question-Answering (QA) has seen significant advances in recent years, achieving near human-level performance over some benchmarks.
Approach: They propose to use a native QA dataset for an East African language, Tigrinya, to build similar resources for related languages.
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Can LLM Generate Culturally Relevant Commonsense QA Data? Case Study in Indonesian and Sundanese (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used to generate synthetic data for training and evaluating models.
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Better as Generators Than Classifiers: Leveraging LLMs and Synthetic Data for Low-Resource Multilingual Classification (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable multilingual capabilities, making them promising tools in both high- and low-resource languages.
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A Rigorous Evaluation of LLM Data Generation Strategies for Low-Resource Languages (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate synthetic textual data for training smaller specialized models.
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Semi-supervised Training Data Generation for Multilingual Question Answering (L18-1)

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Challenge: Existing datasets for question answering (QA) tasks mostly support only English . however, existing resources for these tasks are labor intensive .
Approach: They propose to combine Korean QA datasets with machine-translated English resources to build seed resources.
Outcome: The proposed approach leads to 71.50 F1 on Korean QA (comparable to 77.3 F1)
Scaling Low-Resource MT via Synthetic Data Generation with LLMs (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a recent study has shown that LLM-generated synthetic data can improve low-resource machine translation performance . traditional data augmentation techniques like back-translation preserve the human-written target and synthesize the other .
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The Data Frontier for Large Language Models: Selection, Synthesis, and Tools (2026.acl-tutorials)

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Challenge: acquiring and curating high-quality training data remains a significant bottleneck . acquiring such high-quality data is a key challenge for researchers and practitioners .
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Towards more equitable question answering systems: How much more data do you need? (2021.acl-short)

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Challenge: Question answering datasets in English are relatively new, but lack of linguistic diversity in the field is a challenge.
Approach: They propose to use translation and cross-lingual transfer to produce QA systems in multiple languages to improve their performance.
Outcome: The proposed approaches take advantage of existing resources to produce QA systems in multiple languages.
CSLM: A Framework for Question Answering Dataset Generation through Collaborative Small Language Models (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Collecting high-quality question-answer (QA) pairs is vital for training large language models, but computational demands and associated costs often render such approaches prohibitive for the average researcher.
Approach: They propose a small-scaled, open-source solution that generates QA pairs from documents or raw corpora using large-scale models like Llama-70B.
Outcome: Experiments on domain-specific datasets show that the proposed model can generate high-quality QA pairs, making it accessible to a broader range of researchers.

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