Challenge: Existing methods to augment vocabularies ignore the disparities between model representation and frequency distributions.
Approach: They propose an Entropy-Consistency Word Selection method which integrates semantic and frequency metrics for vocabulary augmentation.
Outcome: The proposed method improves performance for low-resource languages compared to high-resourced ones . it integrates semantic and frequency metrics for vocabulary augmentation .

Similar Papers

Entropy-guided Vocabulary Augmentation of Multilingual Language Models for Low-resource Tasks (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Multilingual language models (MLLMs) support low-resource languages (LRLs) but LRL words are under-represented in wordpiece/subword vocabularies, leading to low task accuracy .
Approach: They propose an entropy-based vocabulary augmented language model to detect LRL words with undesirable wordpiece segmentations.
Outcome: The proposed model improves performance and limits on wordpiece augmentation strategies for multiple diverse LRLs.
Optimizing Language Augmentation for Multilingual Large Language Models: A Case Study on Korean (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) use pretraining to predict the subsequent word, but less-resourced languages are being overlooked.
Approach: They propose to expand the MLLM vocabularies to enhance expressiveness and use bilingual data for pretraining to align the high- and less-resourced languages.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models in qualitative analyses compared to Korean monolingual models.
Improving Low-Resource Languages in Pre-Trained Multilingual Language Models (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Pre-trained multilingual language models are the foundation of many NLP approaches, but are often not well-supported by these models due to small available monolingual corpora.
Approach: They propose an unsupervised approach to improve cross-lingual representations of low-resource languages by bootstrapping word translation pairs from monolingual corpora and using them to improve language alignment.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves cross-lingual representations on low-resource languages using word retrieval and zero-shot named entity recognition.
Small Models, Big Impact: Efficient Corpus and Graph-Based Adaptation of Small Multilingual Language Models for Low-Resource Languages (2025.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Low-resource languages (LRLs) face significant challenges in natural language processing due to limited data.
Approach: They evaluate adapter-based methods for adapting mLMs to low-resource languages . they use unstructured text and structured knowledge from ConceptNet to evaluate adapters .
Outcome: The proposed methods outperform large language models and LLaMA-3 and deepSeek-R1 models on low training data.
Adapters for Enhanced Modeling of Multilingual Knowledge and Text (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Large language models learn facts from text corpora, but knowledge graphs contain facts in an explicit triple format, restricting their research and application.
Approach: They propose to enhance multilingual language models with knowledge from multilingual knowledge graphs . they propose to use cross-lingual entity alignment and facts from MLKGs to improve performance .
Outcome: The proposed model improves MLLMs with cross-lingual entity alignment and facts from multilingual knowledge graphs for many languages while maintaining performance on other general language tasks.
VEEF-Multi-LLM: Effective Vocabulary Expansion and Parameter Efficient Finetuning Towards Multilingual Large Language Models (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have a significant disadvantage for low-resource languages . VEEF-Multi-LLM-8B excels in multilingual instruction-following tasks .
Approach: They propose a low-resource multilingual large language model that expands the vocabulary for multilingual support.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models in multilingual instruction-following tasks, but lags behind English-centric models in some tasks.
Extending Multilingual BERT to Low-Resource Languages (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Multilingual BERT (M-BERT) has been a huge success in both supervised and zero-shot cross-lingual transfer learning.
Approach: They propose a simple but effective approach to extend multilingual BERT to any new language and show an increase in F1 on M-BERT and new languages.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves on languages already in M-BERT and out of it on other languages.
Systematic Investigation of Strategies Tailored for Low-Resource Settings for Low-Resource Dependency Parsing (2023.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Several strategies have been proposed to enhance performance in low-resource scenarios.
Approach: They propose to use 5 low-resource strategies for dependency parsing for multiple languages . they use ensembled approach on 7 UD low-rsource languages based on their results .
Outcome: The proposed approach improves on a low-resource language Sanskrit.
Everything you need to know about Multilingual LLMs: Towards fair, performant and reliable models for languages of the world (2023.acl-tutorials)

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Challenge: Responsible AI issues such as fairness, bias and toxicity will be discussed in this tutorial .
Approach: This tutorial will describe various aspects of scaling up language technologies to many of the world’s languages by describing the latest research in Massively Multilingual Language Models (MMLMs).
Outcome: This tutorial will cover various aspects of scaling up language technologies to many of the world's languages by describing the latest research in multilingual models.
Targeted Multilingual Adaptation for Low-resource Language Families (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Massively multilingual models are known to have limited utility in any one language, and to perform poorly on low-resource languages.
Approach: They propose to adapt a pre-trained multilingual model to a language family and evaluate its performance on two downstream tasks and 11 evaluation languages.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms mono- and multilingual models on two downstream tasks and 11 evaluation languages.

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