Challenge: Recent interest has surged in applying natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning (ML) to evaluate language development in both first (L1) and second (L2) language acquisition.
Approach: They propose to use an Indonesian corpus as a benchmark for LDA tasks and to use existing large-scale language models to improve performance.
Outcome: The proposed model extracts language-independent features, relieving laborious computation and reliance on specific language.

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IndoNLU: Benchmark and Resources for Evaluating Indonesian Natural Language Understanding (2020.aacl-main)

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Challenge: Despite the availability of data on Indonesian, progress on this language is slow . available datasets are scattered, with a lack of documentation and minimal community engagement.
Approach: They propose a resource for training, evaluation, and benchmarking on Indonesian natural language understanding tasks.
Outcome: The proposed resource includes 12 tasks ranging from single sentence classification to pair-sentences sequence labeling with different levels of complexity.
IndoNLG: Benchmark and Resources for Evaluating Indonesian Natural Language Generation (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Lack of publicly available NLG benchmarks for low-resource languages poses a challenge . authors show that IndoBART and IndoGPT achieve competitive performance on all tasks .
Approach: They propose a benchmark to measure natural language generation progress in three low-resource languages of Indonesia . they use a corpus of pretraining datasets to build their models .
Outcome: The proposed benchmark measures progress in Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese . the results highlight the importance of pretraining on closely related, localized languages .
LORAXBENCH: A Multitask, Multilingual Benchmark Suite for 20 Indonesian Languages (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: LORAXBENCH is a benchmark for low-resource languages of Indonesia . it covers reading comprehension, open domain QA, language inference, causal reasoning, translation, and cultural question answering across 20 languages.
Approach: They propose a benchmark that focuses on low-resource languages of Indonesia and covers 6 diverse tasks: reading comprehension, open-domain QA, language inference, causal reasoning, translation, and cultural question answering.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark covers reading comprehension, open-domain QA, language inference, causal reasoning, translation, and cultural question answering across 20 Indonesian languages.
IndoLEM and IndoBERT: A Benchmark Dataset and Pre-trained Language Model for Indonesian NLP (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: despite being spoken by 200 million people, the Indonesian language is underrepresented in NLP research.
Approach: They propose a dataset for Indonesian that includes seven NLP tasks . they also propose 'indonesian language evaluation Montage' tasks that are based on previous work .
Outcome: The proposed dataset shows that IndoBERT outperforms IndoLEM over most of the tasks.
Large Language Models Only Pass Primary School Exams in Indonesia: A Comprehensive Test on IndoMMLU (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing studies on large language models based on English datasets do not provide adequate data for evaluating their capabilities beyond English.
Approach: They propose a multi-task language understanding benchmark for Indonesian culture and languages . it measures language proficiency, reasoning abilities and real-world knowledge .
Outcome: The proposed model passes the primary school level in Indonesia, while other models perform at lower levels.
Sinhala Encoder-only Language Models and Evaluation (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent advances in language models (LMs) have produced excellent results in many NLP tasks, but their effectiveness is highly dependent on available pre-training resources.
Approach: They propose to collect the largest monolingual corpus for Sinhala and compile a benchmark and evaluate LMs on it.
Outcome: The proposed language models outperform the popular multilingual LMs in downstream NLP tasks.
Bhaasha, Bhāṣā, Zaban: A Survey for Low-Resourced Languages in South Asia – Current Stage and Challenges (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: a survey examines the current efforts and challenges of NLP models for South Asian languages . there are more than 650 languages in South Asia, but many have very limited computational resources or are missing from existing models.
Approach: a survey examines efforts and challenges of NLP for South Asian languages . they focus on transformer-based models such as BERT, T5, & GPT . findings highlight substantial issues, including missing data in critical domains .
Outcome: The findings highlight significant issues, including missing data in critical domains . the survey aims to raise awareness within the NLP community for more targeted data curation .
FormosanBench: Benchmarking Low-Resource Austronesian Languages in the Era of Large Language Models (2025.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing LLMs consistently underperform across all tasks, with 10-shot learning and fine-tuning offering only limited improvements.
Approach: They introduce FormosanBench, a benchmark for evaluating LLMs on low-resource Austronesian languages.
Outcome: The proposed benchmark covers three endangered Formosan languages: Atayal, Amis, and Paiwan . existing LLMs consistently underperform across all tasks, with 10-shot learning and fine-tuning offering only limited improvements.
Scoping natural language processing in Indonesian and Malay for education applications (2022.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Limited natural language processing resources are available for Indonesian and Malay varieties and are difficult to locate.
Approach: They propose to encourage collaboration and efficiency within NLP in Indonesian and Malay by identifying most published authors and research hubs.
Outcome: The findings suggest that the field is dominated by exploratory corpus work, machine reading of text gathered from the Internet, and sentiment analysis.
IndicNLPSuite: Monolingual Corpora, Evaluation Benchmarks and Pre-trained Multilingual Language Models for Indian Languages (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: In this paper, we present NLP resources for 11 major Indian languages . distributional representations are the cornerstone of modern NLP, authors say .
Approach: They introduce NLP resources for 11 major Indian languages from two major language families . monolingual corpora contains 8.8 billion tokens across all 11 languages and Indian English . they also compile a benchmark for Indian language NLU to evaluate their results .
Outcome: The monolingual corpora contains 8.8 billion tokens across all 11 languages and Indian English . the pre-trained language models are based on the compact ALBERT model .

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