Challenge: Existing methods for videoQA lack temporal localization labels, leading to inaccurate localization.
Approach: They propose a Question-Guided and Answer-Calibrated TRansformer which guides and calibrates localization using question and option texts without localization labels.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves comparable accuracy to large-scale pretrained models and leads in localization aspects.

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Finding the Evidence: Localization-aware Answer Prediction for Text Visual Question Answering (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing text VQA systems generate an answer by selecting from optical character recognition (OCR) texts or a fixed vocabulary.
Approach: They propose a localization-aware answer prediction network that generates the answer and predicts a bounding box as evidence of the generated answer.
Outcome: The proposed network outperforms existing methods on three benchmark datasets for the text VQA task by a noticeable margin.
STL-CQA: Structure-based Transformers with Localization and Encoding for Chart Question Answering (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Chart Question Answering (CQA) is a task of answering natural language questions about visualisations in the chart image.
Approach: They propose a method for Chart Question Answering which improves the question/answering through sequential elements localization, question encoding and then, a structural transformer-based learning approach.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods on various chart Q/A datasets while outperforming even human baseline.
TVQA+: Spatio-Temporal Grounding for Video Question Answering (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Existing video QA datasets only contain QA pairs without labels for key clips or regions needed to answer the question.
Approach: They propose a framework that grounds evidence in both spatial and temporal domains to answer questions about videos using bounding boxes.
Outcome: The proposed framework can produce interpretable spatio-temporal attention visualizations.
Mulan: A Multi-Level Alignment Model for Video Question Answering (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing methods focus on visual-language alignment at the video level, but they do not account for fine-grained semantic interaction between video and text.
Approach: They propose a multi-level Alignment Model for Video Question Answering that establishes alignment between visual and textual modalities at the object-level, frame-level and video-level.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art methods even with a small amount of extra visual-language pre-training data and a reduced number of trainable parameters.
Open-Ended Visual Question Answering by Multi-Modal Domain Adaptation (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to visual question answering (VQA) are not suitable for real-world applications.
Approach: They propose a supervised multi-modal domain adaptation method for visual question answering in images that exploits supervised domain adaptation.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods on the benchmark VQA 2.0 and VizWiz datasets.
Video Question Answering: Datasets, Algorithms and Challenges (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent advances in video question answering have led to a surge in popularity . despite the popularity, VideoQA remains one of the greatest challenges .
Approach: They categorize the video question-answer datasets into normal VideoQA, multi-modal VideoQA and knowledge-based VideoQA according to the modalities invoked in the question-announcement pairs.
Outcome: The proposed methods are mainly designed for Factoid QA and inference VideoQA . the proposed methods have been compared with other methods and are robust and interpretable.
WeaQA: Weak Supervision via Captions for Visual Question Answering (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods for training visual question answering models rely on datasets with human-annotated image-quest-answer triplets.
Approach: They propose a method to train models with synthetic Q-A pairs generated procedurally from captions.
Outcome: The proposed method trains models with synthetic Q-A pairs generated from captions on three VQA benchmarks.
TVQA: Localized, Compositional Video Question Answering (D18-1)

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Challenge: Recent studies have focused on image-based question-answering (QA) tasks, but little has been done on video-based QA.
Approach: They present a large-scale video QA dataset based on 6 popular TV shows . they provide analysis of the new dataset and trainable neural network framework .
Outcome: The proposed dataset includes 152,545 QA pairs from 21,793 clips spanning over 460 hours of video.
VideoQA-TA: Temporal-Aware Multi-Modal Video Question Answering (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for video question answering align visual or textual features directly with large language models, limiting the deep semantic association between modalities and hindering a comprehensive understanding of interactions within spatial and temporal contexts.
Approach: They propose a temporal-aware framework for multi-modal video question answering that aligns videos and questions at fine-grained levels.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves reasoning ability and accuracy of videoQA by aligning videos and questions at fine-grained levels.
Language Guided Visual Question Answering: Elevate Your Multimodal Language Model Using Knowledge-Enriched Prompts (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Visual question answering (VQA) is a task that requires an understanding of both the image and the question to provide a natural language answer.
Approach: They propose a multimodal framework that leverages language guidance to answer questions more accurately.
Outcome: The proposed framework improves on the multi-choice question-answering task using CLIP and BLIP models.

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