Challenge: Recent advances in video question answering have led to a surge in popularity . despite the popularity, VideoQA remains one of the greatest challenges .
Approach: They categorize the video question-answer datasets into normal VideoQA, multi-modal VideoQA and knowledge-based VideoQA according to the modalities invoked in the question-announcement pairs.
Outcome: The proposed methods are mainly designed for Factoid QA and inference VideoQA . the proposed methods have been compared with other methods and are robust and interpretable.

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TVQA: Localized, Compositional Video Question Answering (D18-1)

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Challenge: Recent studies have focused on image-based question-answering (QA) tasks, but little has been done on video-based QA.
Approach: They present a large-scale video QA dataset based on 6 popular TV shows . they provide analysis of the new dataset and trainable neural network framework .
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LifeQA: A Real-life Dataset for Video Question Answering (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Existing video question answering datasets consist of movies and TV shows, but they are not representative of our day-to-day lives.
Approach: They propose a benchmark dataset for video question answering that focuses on day-to-day situations.
Outcome: The proposed dataset analyzes the challenging but realistic aspects of LifeQA . it consists of video clips and over 2.3k multiple-choice questions .
VideoQA-TA: Temporal-Aware Multi-Modal Video Question Answering (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for video question answering align visual or textual features directly with large language models, limiting the deep semantic association between modalities and hindering a comprehensive understanding of interactions within spatial and temporal contexts.
Approach: They propose a temporal-aware framework for multi-modal video question answering that aligns videos and questions at fine-grained levels.
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TutorialVQA: Question Answering Dataset for Tutorial Videos (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: a new question answering task on instructional videos is needed due to their verbose nature . factoid questions are only a small part of what people actually want to ask on video contents .
Approach: They propose a question answering task on instructional videos based on video transcripts . they use a dataset consisting of 6,000 manually collected triples of (video, question, answer span)
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TVQA+: Spatio-Temporal Grounding for Video Question Answering (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: Existing video QA datasets only contain QA pairs without labels for key clips or regions needed to answer the question.
Approach: They propose a framework that grounds evidence in both spatial and temporal domains to answer questions about videos using bounding boxes.
Outcome: The proposed framework can produce interpretable spatio-temporal attention visualizations.
Rethinking Multi-Modal Alignment in Multi-Choice VideoQA from Feature and Sample Perspectives (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to VideoQA focus on utilizing frame- or object-level visual representations, but they neglect visual-language interactions.
Approach: They propose to break down video into trajectories and first leverage trajectory feature in VideoQA to enhance alignment between two modalities.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms all the state-of-the-art models on the NExT-QA benchmark.
In-the-Wild Video Question Answering (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing video understanding datasets focus on human interactions with little attention being paid to the “in the wild” settings.
Approach: They propose a video understanding dataset of videos recorded outdoors . they propose identifying visual support for a given question and answer .
Outcome: The proposed dataset examines the ability of models to understand videos, including video question answering, video captioning, and fill-inthe-blank tasks.
ReasVQA: Advancing VideoQA with Imperfect Reasoning Process (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to VideoQA often fail when complex reasoning or temporal relationships are involved.
Approach: They propose a method that leverages reasoning processes generated by Multimodal Large Language Models to improve VideoQA models.
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Open-Ended Visual Question Answering by Multi-Modal Domain Adaptation (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to visual question answering (VQA) are not suitable for real-world applications.
Approach: They propose a supervised multi-modal domain adaptation method for visual question answering in images that exploits supervised domain adaptation.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods on the benchmark VQA 2.0 and VizWiz datasets.
Mulan: A Multi-Level Alignment Model for Video Question Answering (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing methods focus on visual-language alignment at the video level, but they do not account for fine-grained semantic interaction between video and text.
Approach: They propose a multi-level Alignment Model for Video Question Answering that establishes alignment between visual and textual modalities at the object-level, frame-level and video-level.
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