Challenge: Pretrained language models (PLMs) have shown remarkable few-shot learning capabilities when provided with properly formatted examples.
Approach: They propose a complexity-based prompt selection approach for sequence tagging tasks that uses certain metrics to align the syntactico-semantic complexity of test sentences and examples.
Outcome: The proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on few-shot NER, with 5% improvement in F1 score.

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Reordering Examples Helps during Priming-based Few-Shot Learning (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing methods for learning from limited data are not efficient . we show that presenting examples in the right order is key for generalization .
Approach: They propose a method to learn from limited data using examples as prompts . they propose PERO, which uses examples as search over set of permutations .
Outcome: The proposed method can generalize using as few as 10 examples, the authors show . it can be used on sentiment classification, natural language inference and fact retrieval tasks .
Making Pre-trained Language Models Better Few-shot Learners (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent studies show that the GPT-3 model can perform few-shots on language understanding tasks with a natural-language prompt and a few task demonstrations.
Approach: They propose a technique for fine-tuning language models using a few examples . they propose LM-BFF, which uses prompt-based fine-uning and a pipeline for automating prompt generation .
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FewshotQA: A simple framework for few-shot learning of question answering tasks using pre-trained text-to-text models (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing pre-trained models need fine-tuning on tens of thousands of examples to achieve good results.
Approach: They propose a framework that leverages pre-trained text-to-text models and aligns them with their pre-training framework.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms the XLM-Roberta-large on multiple QA benchmarks and is applicable to multilingual situations.
Pre-trained Language Models Can be Fully Zero-Shot Learners (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to pre-trained language models require fine-tuning on labeled datasets or manually constructing proper prompts.
Approach: They propose a nonparametric prompting PLM for fully zero-shot language understanding . they compare it to previous methods for text classification and text entailment .
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Exploiting Language Model Prompts Using Similarity Measures: A Case Study on the Word-in-Context Task (2022.acl-short)

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Challenge: Existing few-shot approaches fail on the semantic distinction task of the Word-in-Context dataset.
Approach: They propose a prompt-based approach which boosts few-shot performance to the level of fully supervised methods by using similarity metrics.
Outcome: The proposed technique boosts few-shot performance to the level of fully supervised methods.
Prompt-Based Metric Learning for Few-Shot NER (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing metric learning methods do not fully incorporate label semantics into modeling.
Approach: They propose a method to largely improve metric learning for few-shot named entity recognition (NER) a pre-defined category is a key natural language understanding task .
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms the previous state-of-the-art (SOTA) method with 16 of 18 settings outperformed previous methods by 9.12% and 34.51% .
Prompt-free and Efficient Few-shot Learning with Language Models (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing methods for few-shot fine-tuning of pretrained language models require carefully engineered prompts and verbalizers to convert inputs into a cloze-format that the PLM can score.
Approach: They propose a method for few-shot fine-tuning of pretrained language models that uses task-specific adapters instead of manually engineered prompts and verbalizers.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods on a wide range of few shot NLP tasks.
Skill-Based Few-Shot Selection for In-Context Learning (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods based on pre-trained embeddings can be easily biased by surface features that are not important for the target task.
Approach: They propose a skill-based few-shot selection method for in-context learning . it generates skill-specific descriptions for each test case and candidate example .
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PromptRefine: Enhancing Few-Shot Performance on Low-Resource Indic Languages with Example Selection from related Example Banks (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive few-shot learning capabilities through in-context learning.
Approach: They propose a novel Alternating Minimization approach for example selection that improves ICL performance on low-resource Indic languages.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms existing frameworks for retrieving examples on low-resource Indic languages.
Systematic Analysis for Pretrained Language Model Priming for Parameter-Efficient Fine-tuning (2024.naacl-srw)

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Challenge: Parameter-efficient (PE) methods for adapting pre-trained language models to downstream tasks are still lacking in many cases.
Approach: They propose a general PE priming framework to enhance few-shot adaptation and generalization ability of PE methods.
Outcome: The proposed framework reveals that the best priming strategy facilitates adaptation to target tasks.

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