Challenge: Recent studies have focused on how large language models process multiple languages, but internal mechanisms of LLMs remain insufficiently explored.
Approach: They propose to convert dense LLMs into fine-grained MoE architectures and analyze their activation patterns using expert activation frequency heatmaps.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms random expert pruning and exceeds models in some languages.

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Challenge: Recent advances in multimodal large language models have remained opaque.
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Converging to a Lingua Franca: Evolution of Linguistic Regions and Semantics Alignment in Multilingual Large Language Models (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Recent studies suggest that large language models can transfer skills learned in one language to others, but internal mechanisms behind this ability remain unclear.
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Language-Specific Neurons: The Key to Multilingual Capabilities in Large Language Models (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Despite the impressive multilingual capabilities demonstrated by LLMs, the understanding of how these abilities develop and function remains nascent.
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On the Limitations of Language-targeted Pruning: Investigating the Calibration Language Impact in Multilingual LLM Pruning (2026.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Recent advances in large language model pruning have shown high predictive performance in post-training settings.
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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) can handle multilingual and cross-lingual text within a single input; however, previous studies focusing on using English as the pivot language to enhance language understanding and reasoning focus on using multiple languages.
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Unveiling Language-Specific Features in Large Language Models via Sparse Autoencoders (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit impressive abilities in various domains such as text generation, instruction following, and reasoning.
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LLMs for Low Resource Languages in Multilingual, Multimodal and Dialectal Settings (2024.eacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: Recent advances in AI can be attributed to the remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) success of LLMs depends on specific training techniques, such as instruction tuning and prompting .
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LLMs Beyond English: Scaling the Multilingual Capability of LLMs with Cross-Lingual Feedback (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent multilingual models support limited number of human languages due to lack of training data for low resource languages.
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Language Adaptation of Large Language Models: An Empirical Study on LLaMA2 (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) has seen a skyrocketing increase in recent years.
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Getting More from Less: Large Language Models are Good Spontaneous Multilingual Learners (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive language capabilities, but most of them have very unbalanced performance across different languages.
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