Challenge: Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated their logical reasoning abilities across various domains.
Approach: They propose to divide puzzles into rule-based and rule-less categories and critically assess LLMs' performance through various methodologies.
Outcome: The proposed models have demonstrated capabilities in deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning, but they face limitations in inductive thinking.

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Towards Reasoning in Large Language Models: A Survey (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Reasoning is a fundamental aspect of human intelligence that plays a crucial role in many intellectual activities.
Approach: They propose to improve LLMs' ability to elicit reasoning by providing exemplars or prompts to model reasoning.
Outcome: This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the state of knowledge on reasoning in large language models.
Assessing Logical Puzzle Solving in Large Language Models: Insights from a Minesweeper Case Study (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable proficiency in language understanding and have been successfully applied to a variety of real-world tasks through task-specific fine-tuning or prompt engineering.
Approach: They propose a task that challenges LLMs to identify the locations of mines based on numerical clues provided by adjacent cells.
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Large Language Models for Mathematical Reasoning: Progresses and Challenges (2024.eacl-srw)

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Challenge: a survey examines the landscape of mathematical problem-solving techniques . large language models have proven to be potent assets in unraveling nuances of mathematical reasoning .
Approach: They examine the evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) for solving mathematical problems . they examine the spectrum of LLM-oriented techniques proposed for solving math problems - and their challenges .
Outcome: The survey examines the spectrum of proposed LLM-oriented techniques in solving math problems.
Do Large Language Models excel in Complex Logical Reasoning with Formal Language? (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing studies on LLMs have focused on formal language, but evaluations of their performance are limited.
Approach: They propose to use a formal language to evaluate LLMs across logical reasoning problems using formal languages.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms Instruct models in three dimensions, taxonomy of tasks, and format of trajectories, and achieves the best generalization performance across other languages.
Evaluating the Deductive Competence of Large Language Models (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing large language models have limited abilities to solve deductive reasoning problems . performance differences between conditions do not improve overall performance .
Approach: They investigate whether several large language models can solve a deductive reasoning problem in their conventional form.
Outcome: The proposed models can solve a classic type of deductive reasoning problem in their conventional form.
Working Memory Identifies Reasoning Limits in Language Models (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Using large language models, we examine the limitations of their cognitive capabilities and their working memory.
Approach: They examine the limitations of large language models from a scaling perspective . they also assess various prompting strategies, revealing their diverse impacts on LLM performance.
Outcome: The proposed models perform poorly on n-back tasks and on prompting strategies.
Explaining Puzzle Solutions in Natural Language: An Exploratory Study on 6x6 Sudoku (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are effective in human-AI collaborative decision-making, but they lack the ability to provide trustworthy, gradual, and tailored explanations.
Approach: They evaluate the performance of five Large Language Models in solving and explaining Sudoku puzzles.
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A Survey of Large Language Model-Based Search Agents (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized web search, but their integration is static and cannot handle complex contexts.
Approach: They analyze existing research and analyze existing work from the perspectives of architecture, optimization, application, and evaluation.
Outcome: The proposed models can comprehend user intentions and context and execute multi-turn retrieval with dynamic planning, extending search capabilities far beyond the web.
Decoding Stumpers: Large Language Models vs. Human Problem-Solvers (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent advances in large language models have led to the development of systems 2 models that can solve complex tasks and predict human behavior.
Approach: They compare the performance of four state-of-the-art LLMs to human participants and compare their results to stumpers, a unique single-step intuition problem that humans can easily verify.
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Large Language Models Help Humans Verify Truthfulness – Except When They Are Convincingly Wrong (2024.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used for accessing information on the web.
Approach: They conduct experiments with 80 crowdworkers to compare LLMs with search engines . they ask LLM to provide contrastive information to reduce over-reliance on LLM .
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