Challenge: a paper addresses the data scarcity problem in automated glossing for low-resource languages . traditional manual documenting is laborintensive and a lack of data is limiting the accuracy of glossing .
Approach: They propose to integrate token-level and sentence-level translations into models and integrate available dictionary resources into the model.
Outcome: The proposed model improves word-level accuracy by 5% on the lowest-resource language Gitksan . the authors also show that the model improve on a simulated low-resourced language with fewer than 100 glossed sentences .

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Challenge: Existing machine translation systems obscure or mistranslate key terminology, while paraphrasing aimed at lay readers often oversimplifies it, hindering their ability to master domain-specific technical vocabulary.
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Automatic Interlinear Glossing for Under-Resourced Languages Leveraging Translations (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Documentation is not a cure-all for language loss, but it is an important part of language preservation.
Approach: They propose to use multi-source neural models to create automatic glossing models . they also explore cross-lingual transfer and a simple output length control mechanism .
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Unifying Cross-Lingual Transfer across Scenarios of Resource Scarcity (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to deal with resource scarcity have not been developed to deal effectively with the problem.
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LLMs for Low Resource Languages in Multilingual, Multimodal and Dialectal Settings (2024.eacl-tutorials)

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Challenge: Recent advances in AI can be attributed to the remarkable performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) success of LLMs depends on specific training techniques, such as instruction tuning and prompting .
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LingGym: How Far Are LLMs from Thinking Like Field Linguists? (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: LINGGYM is a benchmark that evaluates LLMs’ capacity for meta-linguistic reasoning using Interlinear Glossed Text and grammatical descriptions extracted from 18 typologically diverse reference grammars.
Approach: They propose a benchmark that evaluates LLMs’ capacity for meta-linguistic reasoning using Interlinear Glossed Text and grammatical descriptions extracted from 18 typologically diverse reference grammars.
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VEEF-Multi-LLM: Effective Vocabulary Expansion and Parameter Efficient Finetuning Towards Multilingual Large Language Models (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have a significant disadvantage for low-resource languages . VEEF-Multi-LLM-8B excels in multilingual instruction-following tasks .
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Systematic Investigation of Strategies Tailored for Low-Resource Settings for Low-Resource Dependency Parsing (2023.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Several strategies have been proposed to enhance performance in low-resource scenarios.
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Empowering Low-Resource Regional Languages with Lexicons : A Comparative Study of NLP Tools for Morphosyntactic Analysis (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: a lack of human and financial resources makes integrating lexicon information to low-resource languages challenging.
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Plug-in and Fine-tuning: Bridging the Gap between Small Language Models and Large Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are renowned for their extensive linguistic knowledge and strong generalization capabilities, but their high computational demands make them unsuitable for resource-constrained environments.
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Fine-tuning Large Language Models with Limited Data: A Survey and Practical Guide (2026.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Pre-trained language models provide strong foundations, but effective adaptation under data scarcity requires efficient and efficient fine-tuning techniques.
Approach: They propose to review parameter-efficient fine-tuning techniques that lower training and deployment costs and domain and cross-lingual adaptation methods for both encoder and decoder models.
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