Challenge: Experimental results indicate that GPST significantly outperforms the existing speech language models in terms of word error rate, speech quality, and speaker similarity.
Approach: They propose a hierarchical transformer that quantizes audio waveforms into two distinct types of discrete speech representations and integrates them within a transformer architecture.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing speech language models in word error rate, speech quality, and speaker similarity.

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Generative Pretrained Structured Transformers: Unsupervised Syntactic Language Models at Scale (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing syntactic language models require a gold tree and sequential training to generate sentences.
Approach: They propose an unsupervised syntactic language model that incrementally generates a sentence with its syntaktic tree in a left-to-right manner.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models on grammar induction and comprehension tasks while holding a substantial acceleration on training.
On Generative Spoken Language Modeling from Raw Audio (2021.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Using a set of metrics to evaluate the learned representations, we aim to create a system that learns from natural interactions as infants learn their first language.
Approach: They propose a task of learning acoustic and linguistic characteristics from raw audio and a set of metrics to evaluate the learned representations at acustic, linguistic and encoding levels.
Outcome: The proposed models evaluate the learned representations at acoustic and linguistic levels for both encoding and generation.
SpeechT5: Unified-Modal Encoder-Decoder Pre-Training for Spoken Language Processing (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing work shows that pre-trained models can improve in various natural language processing tasks.
Approach: They propose a unified-modal encoder-decoder framework that pre-trains speech-text representations using large-scale unlabeled speech and text data.
Outcome: The proposed framework is superior to existing models on speech-to-text processing tasks.
Hierarchical Transformers Are More Efficient Language Models (2022.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Transformers are impressive but inefficient and costly, which limits their applications and accessibility.
Approach: They first use different ways to downsample and upsamplify activations in Transformers to make them hierarchical.
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Text Compression for Efficient Language Generation (2025.naacl-srw)

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Challenge: Existing models rely on sub-word tokens for text generation, but there is no evidence for a more efficient way to generate text.
Approach: They propose a hierarchical transformer language model capable of text generation by compressing text into sentence embeddings and employing a sentence attention mechanism.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves an up to an order of magnitude improvement in FLOPs efficiency and a threefold increase in runtime speed compared to equally-sized models in the low-size regime.
Language-Codec: Bridging Discrete Codec Representations and Speech Language Models (2025.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing gaps between discrete acoustic codecs and downstream speech language models . initial channel of codebooks contains excessive information, making it difficult to generate tokens from weakly supervised signals such as text.
Approach: They propose a discrete acoustic codec for generating acustic tokens from weakly supervised signals.
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VocalNet: Speech LLMs with Multi-Token Prediction for Faster and High-Quality Generation (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Experimental results show VocalNet outperforms existing open-source speech LLMs despite limited training data.
Approach: They propose a scalable and model-agnostic training framework and a novel multi-token prediction paradigm for speech generation.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms open-source speech LLMs while outperforming existing open-sourced models.
From Characters to Words: Hierarchical Pre-trained Language Model for Open-vocabulary Language Understanding (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Current models for natural language understanding require a preprocessing step to convert raw text into discrete tokens.
Approach: They propose a hierarchical open-vocabulary language model that adopts a shallow Transformer architecture to learn word representations from their characters and a deep inter-word Transformer module that contextualizes each word representation by attending to the entire word sequence.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms baselines on various downstream tasks and is robust to textual corruption and domain shift.
Speechformer: Reducing Information Loss in Direct Speech Translation (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Current approaches to speech-to-text translation (ST) use a pipeline of two sub-components - an automatic speech recognition (ASR) and a machine translation (MT) model.
Approach: They propose an architecture that avoids initial lossy compression and aggregates information only at a higher level according to more informed linguistic criteria.
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CTAL: Pre-training Cross-modal Transformer for Audio-and-Language Representations (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing audio-language task-specific predictive approaches focus on building complicated late-fusion mechanisms.
Approach: They propose a cross-modal transformer for audio-and-language that learns inter-modal connections between audio and language through two proxy tasks on a large amount of audio- and-language pairs.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on multiple audio-and-language tasks and can be used in fine-tuning phase.

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