Challenge: Existing pre-trained language models are weak in addressing cross-lingual transfer tasks.
Approach: They propose a method for initializing embeddings and choosing the right vocabulary size for cross-lingual systems.
Outcome: The proposed method improves the F1-Score in several languages .

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A Simple and Effective Method to Improve Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing zero-shot cross-lingual transfer methods rely on parallel corpora or bilingual dictionaries . however, its effect is limited by the gap between embedding clusters of different languages .
Approach: They propose Embedding-Push, Attention-Pull, and Robust targets to transfer English embeddings to virtual multilingual embedders without semantic loss.
Outcome: Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms existing methods on cross-lingual tasks and can achieve a better multilingual alignment.
Unsupervised Cross-Lingual Representation Learning (P19-4)

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Challenge: a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge weakly-supervised and unsupervised cross-lingual word representations is presented .
Approach: This tutorial provides a comprehensive survey of recent work on weakly-supervised and unsupervised cross-lingual word representations.
Outcome: This tutorial provides a comprehensive survey of cutting-edge weakly-supervised and unsupervised word representations.
A Simple Approach to Learning Unsupervised Multilingual Embeddings (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Recent work on unsupervised cross-lingual embeddings in the bilingual setting has given the impetus to learning a shared embeddable space for several languages.
Approach: They propose to solve two sub-problems together to learn a shared embedding space for several languages.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms existing methods in bilingual lexicon induction, cross-lingual word similarity, multilingual document classification, and multilingual dependency parsing tasks.
UNKs Everywhere: Adapting Multilingual Language Models to New Scripts (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Massively multilingual language models offer state-of-the-art cross-lingual transfer performance on a range of NLP tasks, but there is a profound performance gap between resource-rich and resource-poor target languages.
Approach: They propose a series of data-efficient methods that enable quick and effective adaptation of pretrained multilingual models to low-resource languages and unseen scripts.
Outcome: The proposed methods improve learning of the new dedicated embedding matrix in the target language and for low-resource languages written in unseen scripts.
Zero-shot Cross-lingual Alignment for Embedding Initialization (2024.findings-acl)

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Challenge: CrossInit initializes embeddings into similar geometrical structures across languages in unsupervised manner.
Approach: They propose a method that initializes embeddings into similar geometrical structures across languages in an unsupervised manner.
Outcome: The proposed method demostrates similar patterns in low-resource and dissimilar languages.
Unifying Cross-Lingual Transfer across Scenarios of Resource Scarcity (2023.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to deal with resource scarcity have not been developed to deal effectively with the problem.
Approach: They propose to use a set of tools to harness data from one or more high-resource "source" languages to compensate for a shortage of data in low-resourced "target" languages.
Outcome: The proposed technique can be easily adapted to unseen languages, extending the range of the proposed technique and translation-based transfer more broadly.
Unsupervised Cross-lingual Transfer of Word Embedding Spaces (D18-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods for cross-lingual word mapping require cross-linguistic supervision, but this is not available for many low resource languages.
Approach: They propose an unsupervised method that learns transformation functions over corresponding word embedding spaces using a distributed distributional matching algorithm.
Outcome: The proposed method performs better on bilingual lexicon induction and cross-lingual word similarity prediction datasets than other supervised and unsupervised methods.
Beyond Offline Mapping: Learning Cross-lingual Word Embeddings through Context Anchoring (2021.acl-long)

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Challenge: Recent research on cross-lingual word embeddings has been dominated by unsupervised mapping approaches that align monolingual embedders.
Approach: They propose an unsupervised mapping approach that fixes fixed embeddings and learns new ones for the source language that are aligned with them.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms conventional mapping methods on bilingual lexicon induction and obtains competitive results in the downstream XNLI task.
Improving Low-Resource Languages in Pre-Trained Multilingual Language Models (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Pre-trained multilingual language models are the foundation of many NLP approaches, but are often not well-supported by these models due to small available monolingual corpora.
Approach: They propose an unsupervised approach to improve cross-lingual representations of low-resource languages by bootstrapping word translation pairs from monolingual corpora and using them to improve language alignment.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves cross-lingual representations on low-resource languages using word retrieval and zero-shot named entity recognition.
Unsupervised Multilingual Word Embedding with Limited Resources using Neural Language Models (P19-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods that map word embeddings into a common space without any parallel data or pre-training have been proposed that are limited in resources and perform poorly under resource-poor conditions.
Approach: They propose a model that maps monolingual word embeddings into a common space without any parallel data and generates multilingual embeddables without any pre-training.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing methods on word alignment tasks on low-resource conditions and with limited resources.

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