Challenge: Large Language models (LLMs) have the capability to engage In-context Learning (ICL) however, this particular learning paradigm suffers from high instability stemming from factors such as input distribution, order and prompt formats.
Approach: They propose to quantify the information gain obtained in prediction after observing a given example candidate and to sample those with maximum IG.
Outcome: The proposed method can yield an average relative improvement of 14.3% across six classification tasks using three LLMs.

Similar Papers

More Samples or More Prompts? Exploring Effective Few-Shot In-Context Learning for LLMs with In-Context Sampling (2024.findings-naacl)

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Challenge: Existing studies on LLM prompting focus on selecting a better set of data samples inside one single prompt input, but why not design and leverage multiple ICL prompts together to further improve the LLM’s performance?
Approach: They propose a low-resource LLM prompting technique to optimize the construction of multiple ICL prompt inputs to produce confident predictions.
Outcome: The proposed technique can produce confident predictions by optimizing the construction of multiple ICL prompt inputs on four NLI datasets and one QA dataset.
Can Many-Shot In-Context Learning Help LLMs as Evaluators? A Preliminary Empirical Study (2025.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing evaluation approaches to evaluate Large Language Models are affected by potential biases within LLMs.
Approach: They propose two many-shot In-Context Learning (ICL) prompt templates to help LLM evaluators mitigate potential biases.
Outcome: The proposed templates reduce biases by using in-context examples with model-generated rationales as references.
Uncertainty Unveiled: Can Exposure to More In-context Examples Mitigate Uncertainty for Large Language Models? (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Recent advances in handling long sequences have unlocked new possibilities for long-context in-contact learning (ICL).
Approach: They investigate how increased examples influence predictive uncertainty . they quantify uncertainty across different “shot” configurations and focus on EU .
Outcome: The proposed model reduces uncertainty in simple and complex tasks by injecting task-specific knowledge.
C-ICL: Contrastive In-context Learning for Information Extraction (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing methods for in-context learning with large language models focus on using correct or negative examples, ignoring the potential value of incorrect or negative samples.
Approach: They propose a few-shot technique that leverages both correct and incorrect sample constructions to create in-context learning demonstrations.
Outcome: The proposed technique outperforms previous few-shot in-context learning methods on a broad spectrum of related tasks.
In-Context Learning with Iterative Demonstration Selection (2024.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing literature has highlighted the importance of selecting examples that are diverse or semantically similar to the test sample . Existing studies have shown that the optimal selection dimension, i.e., diversity or similarity, is task-specific.
Approach: They propose to use zero-shot chain-of-thought reasoning to iteratively select examples that are diverse but still strongly correlated with the test sample as ICL demonstrations.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing demonstration selection methods on reasoning, question answering, and topic classification tasks.
Active Learning Principles for In-Context Learning with Large Language Models (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: In-context learning has significantly enhanced predictive performance in few-shot learning settings.
Approach: They propose to use pool-based Active Learning to identify the most informative demonstrations for few-shot learning over a single iteration to identify best demonstrations.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms all other methods, including random sampling, in the analysis of 24 classification and multi-choice tasks.
Learning to Retrieve In-Context Examples for Large Language Models (2024.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to improve in-context learning performance are highly sensitive to the quality of the incontext examples provided.
Approach: They propose a framework to iteratively train dense retrievers that can identify high-quality in-context examples for large language models.
Outcome: The proposed model improves performance by retrieving examples with similar patterns, and the gains are consistent across LLMs of varying sizes.
PromptRefine: Enhancing Few-Shot Performance on Low-Resource Indic Languages with Example Selection from related Example Banks (2025.naacl-long)

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Challenge: Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive few-shot learning capabilities through in-context learning.
Approach: They propose a novel Alternating Minimization approach for example selection that improves ICL performance on low-resource Indic languages.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms existing frameworks for retrieving examples on low-resource Indic languages.
Revisiting In-Context Learning with Long Context Language Models (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: In-Context Learning (ICL) is a technique by which language models make predictions based on examples provided in their input context.
Approach: They revisited previous studies using in-context learning techniques . they found that using a data augmentation approach, they significantly improved ICL performance .
Outcome: The proposed approach significantly improves ICL performance on 18 datasets spanning 4 tasks . the proposed approach does not improve performance over a simple random sample selection method .
Data Curation Alone Can Stabilize In-context Learning (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: In-context learning (ICL) is a new paradigm for few-shot learning with pretrainable large language models . however, randomly sampling examples from a training set leads to high variance in performance .
Approach: They propose two methods to select training examples from a training set and then carefully curate them from corresponding subsets.
Outcome: The proposed method improves accuracy over sampling from the entire training set.

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