| Challenge: | Existing methods for paraphrasing multiword expressions in context are unsupervised . multiwords are notoriously difficult to model because the meaning of the whole can diverge substantially from that of the component words. |
| Approach: | They propose an unsupervised approach to paraphrasing multiword expressions in context using monolingual corpus data and pre-trained language models. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms all unsupervised systems and rivals supervised systems on the SemEval 2022 idiomatic text similarity task. |
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An Unsupervised Method for Learning Representations of Multi-word Expressions for Semantic Classification (2020.coling-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing methods for learning multi-word expressions have language sparsity and are not supervised. |
| Approach: | They propose an unsupervised approach to learning a compositional representation function for multi-word expressions . they use a Tratz dataset to train the composition function on the word-semantic relation . |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms the previous state-of-the-art method on the Tratz dataset with an F1 score of 50.4%. |
Unsupervised Multilingual Word Embeddings (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Prior art for learning UMWEs relies on a number of independently trained UBWEs to obtain multilingual embeddings. |
| Approach: | They propose a fully unsupervised framework that exploits the relations between all language pairs to learn multilingual embeddings without cross-lingual supervision. |
| Outcome: | The proposed framework outperforms supervised approaches on multilingual word translation and cross-lingual word similarity and beats a number of other approaches trained with cross-linguistic resources. |
CoAM: Corpus of All-Type Multiword Expressions (2025.acl-long)
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Yusuke Ide, Joshua Tanner, Adam Nohejl, Jacob Hoffman, Justin Vasselli, Hidetaka Kamigaito, Taro Watanabe
| Challenge: | Existing datasets for multiword expressions are inconsistently annotated, limited to a single type of MWE, or limited in size. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a new interface to generate MWE annotations for the first time in a dataset of MWE identification. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model outperforms existing models on the DiMSUM dataset. |
Verbal Multiword Expressions for Identification of Metaphor (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Metaphor is a linguistic device in which a concept is expressed by mentioning another . Verbal MWEs are examples of non-literal language in which multiple words form a single unit of meaning. |
| Approach: | They propose to analyze the interplay between metaphor and multiword expressions processing by informing the model of the presence of MWEs. |
| Outcome: | The proposed architecture reach state-of-the-art on two established metaphor datasets. |
Construction of Large-scale English Verbal Multiword Expression Annotated Corpus (L18-1)
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| Challenge: | In this paper, we focus on verbal MWEs, whose accurate recognition is challenging because they could be discontinuous. |
| Approach: | They conduct large-scale annotations of VMWEs on the Wall Street Journal portion of Ontonotes . they first construct a VMwe dictionary based on the english-language Wiktionary . |
| Outcome: | The proposed resource annotates 7,833 VMWE instances belonging to various categories . the authors hope the results will help to develop models for MWE recognition and dependency parsing . |
AStitchInLanguageModels: Dataset and Methods for the Exploration of Idiomaticity in Pre-Trained Language Models (2021.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Existing datasets are limited to providing the degree of idiomaticity of expressions along with the literal and, where applicable, (a single) non-literal interpretation of MWEs. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a dataset to test the effectiveness of a language model in generating representations of sentences containing idioms. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model performs reasonably well on the one-shot and few-shot scenarios, but there is scope for improvement in the zero-shot scenario. |
MultiMWE: Building a Multi-lingual Multi-Word Expression (MWE) Parallel Corpora (2020.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing bilingual or multi-lingual MWE corpora are limited for multilingual use . only 871 pairs of English-German MWEs are available for research . |
| Approach: | They present a collection of bilingual and multi-lingual MWEs extracted from parallel corpora. |
| Outcome: | The available bilingual or multi-lingual MWE corpus is very limited . the collection is a small collection of 871 pairs of English-German MWEs . |
Easy as PIE? Identifying Multi-Word Expressions with LLMs (2025.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | Multiword expressions (MWEs) are a semantically non-compositional subclass of multiword expression . authors show that prompt-based LLMs can perform competitively with supervised models . |
| Approach: | They propose a prompt-based approach to identify idiomatic expressions in running text . they find prompt-driven LLMs can perform competitively with supervised models . |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach can perform well with supervised models on annotated data. |
Detecting Multiword Expression Type Helps Lexical Complexity Assessment (2020.lrec-1)
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| Challenge: | Multiword expressions (MWEs) represent lexemes that should be treated as single lexical units due to their idiosyncratic nature. |
| Approach: | They re-annotate a complex word identification shared task 2018 dataset . they find that a lexical complexity assessment system benefits from the information . |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset provides valuable information for the text simplification community. |
Word Embedding and WordNet Based Metaphor Identification and Interpretation (P18-1)
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| Challenge: | Existing models cannot identify exact metaphorical words within a sentence . current models do not rely on hand-crafted knowledge for training . |
| Approach: | They propose an unsupervised learning method that identifies and interprets metaphors at word-level without preprocessing. |
| Outcome: | The proposed method outperforms baseline models in two translation systems for English to Chinese showing that it paraphrases metaphors into their literal counterparts. |