Challenge: a significant gap exists in understanding code-mixed languages and the need for explainability in this context.
Approach: They propose to annotate posts with four labels to identify bullies in code-mixed languages . they propose to use a generative framework to reimagine the multitask problem as a text-to-text generation task.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms baseline models and state-of-the-art models on the BullyExplain dataset.

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HENIN: Learning Heterogeneous Neural Interaction Networks for Explainable Cyberbullying Detection on Social Media (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for detecting cyberbullying rely on text analysis of social media sessions.
Approach: They propose a deep model that uses a comment encoder and a post-comment co-attention sub-network to explain why a media session is identified as cyberbullying.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models on real datasets and shows evidential comments in the model explainability of cyberbullying detection.
Peeking inside the black box: A Commonsense-aware Generative Framework for Explainable Complaint Detection (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Complaining is an expression of negative emotions communicated due to a discrepancy between reality and expectations.
Approach: They propose to use an explainable complaint dataset to generate a commonsense-aware generative framework that can predict the complaint cause, severity level, emotion, and polarity of the text.
Outcome: The proposed model can predict the complaint cause, severity level, emotion, and polarity of the text in addition to detecting whether it is a complaint or not.
Data Expansion Using WordNet-based Semantic Expansion and Word Disambiguation for Cyberbullying Detection (2022.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods to identify cyberbullying from text are limited due to the complexity of the content and the lack of labeled large-scale corpus.
Approach: They propose a data augmentation-based approach that could enhance the automatic detection of cyberbullying in social media texts.
Outcome: The proposed approach overcomes limitations of social media posts with word sense disambiguation and synonymy relation . results show that the proposed approach improves on the existing classifiers with and without data augmentation.
BullyBench: Youth & Experts-in-the-loop Framework for Intrinsic and Extrinsic Cyberbullying NLP Benchmarking (2025.emnlp-industry)

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Challenge: Existing youth-focused CB datasets lack conversational realism and ethical youth involvement with little or no evaluation of their social plausibility.
Approach: They propose a youth-in-the-loop dataset “BullyBench” that incorporates a structured intrinsic quality evaluation with experts-in the-looop (social scientists, psychologists, and content moderators) they perform extrinsic baseline evaluation by benchmarking encoder- and decoder-only language models for multi-class CB role classification.
Outcome: The proposed dataset is evaluated by a team of social scientists, psychologists, and content moderators to assess its quality, relevance, and coherence.
Meme-ingful Analysis: Enhanced Understanding of Cyberbullying in Memes Through Multimodal Explanations (2024.eacl-long)

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Challenge: Recent laws like “right to explanations” have spurred research in developing interpretable models . a recent study has shown that multimodal explanations improve performance in generating textual justifications .
Approach: They propose to use visual and textual modalities to explain why a given meme is cyberbullying . they use a Contrastive Language-Image Pretraining approach to generate textual justifications .
Outcome: The proposed model improves performance in visual and textual explanations and identifies the visual evidence supporting a decision.
Generation-Based Data Augmentation for Offensive Language Detection: Is It Worth It? (2023.eacl-main)

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Challenge: generative data augmentation has been shown to be effective in offensive language detection but the potential for bias injection has not been investigated.
Approach: They propose to investigate the robustness of models trained on generated data in a variety of data augmentation setups and analyze models using the HateCheck suite.
Outcome: The proposed model training setups on four English offensive language datasets are robust and robust, while the generative DA setups do not present bias injection issues.
Beyond Binary: Towards Embracing Complexities in Cyberbullying Detection and Intervention - a Position Paper (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for CB detection oversimplify the problem of CB as a binary classification task.
Approach: They propose to use large language models to generate CB-related datasets . they propose to combine cognitive and linguistic models to help identify CB incidents .
Outcome: The proposed approach aims to help researchers and policymakers make informed decisions . it uses large language models such as Claude-2 and Llama2-Chat to generate CB-related datasets .
Thesis Proposal: An Explainable Multimodal Framework for Detecting Harmful Content in Code-Switched Children’s Media (2026.acl-srw)

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Challenge: Current content moderation systems fail to protect children from harmful content, especially in under-resourced, code-switched settings.
Approach: They propose to integrate a fine-tuned classifier with an LLM-powered module that synthesizes the classifier’s internal evidential signals to generate faithful, human-readable rationales for each decision.
Outcome: The proposed framework integrates a fine-tuned classifier for accurate, scalable detection with an LLM-powered module that synthesizes the classifier’s internal evidential signals to generate faithful, human-readable rationales for each decision.
Offensive Content Detection via Synthetic Code-Switched Text (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods to detect offensive content in social media platforms are limited by the availability of labeled code-switched data.
Approach: They propose a method for generating synthetic code-switched offensive content data using human-generated data and a keyword classification baseline.
Outcome: The proposed algorithm can be used to generate synthetic code-switched offensive content data and train it on human-generated data.
MemeIntel: Explainable Detection of Propagandistic and Hateful Memes (2025.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods for label detection and explanation generation have been limited in understanding complex issues . identifying propaganda and hate in memes is essential for combating misinformation and minimizing harm .
Approach: They propose an explanation-enhanced dataset for propaganda memes in Arabic and hateful memes on English to solve these tasks.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms the current state-of-the-art in label detection and explanation generation.

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