Challenge: Effective communication requires adapting to the idiosyncrasies of each communicative context.
Approach: They propose a method for specializing grounded language models without supervision . they fine-tune an attention-based adapter between a CLIP vision encoder and a large language model .
Outcome: The proposed method allows a speaker to adapt to the idiosyncracies of the listeners without supervision.

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Speaking the Language of Your Listener: Audience-Aware Adaptation via Plug-and-Play Theory of Mind (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Adaptation is a process in human communication by which a speaker tunes its language to that of a listener to achieve communicative success.
Approach: They propose a visual-based referential game between a knowledgeable speaker and a listener with limited visual and linguistic experience to model this adaptation mechanism.
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Countering Language Drift via Visual Grounding (D19-1)

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Challenge: Emergent multi-agent communication protocols are different from natural language . a long-standing goal of artificial intelligence research is to develop agents that can cooperate with other agents .
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Grounding Language in Multi-Perspective Referential Communication (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Using a dataset of 2,970 human-written referring expressions, we find that the performance of automated models in both reference generation and comprehension lags behind that of pairs of human agents.
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Calibrate your listeners! Robust communication-based training for pragmatic speakers (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Prior work has investigated training NLP systems with communication-based objectives . prior work has focused on supervised learning, but is expensive to collect .
Approach: They propose a method that uses a population of neural listeners to regularize speaker training.
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DIXITWORLD: Evaluating Multimodal Abductive Reasoning in Vision-Language Models with Multi-Agent Dixit Gameplay (2026.acl-short)

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Challenge: Existing evaluations of multimodal abductive reasoning are limited to static, single-agent tasks.
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What Do Language Models Hear? Probing for Auditory Representations in Language Models (2024.acl-long)

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Challenge: a linear probe is used to retrieve the correct text representation of an object given a snippet of audio related to that object.
Approach: They develop a linear probe that retrieves the correct text representation of an object . they then test the probe's generalization to objects that were not seen during training .
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Context Shapes Emergent Communication about Concepts at Different Levels of Abstraction (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Concept-level reference game allows speakers to communicate concepts at different levels of abstraction and in different contexts.
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Agents generalize to novel levels of abstraction by using adaptive linguistic strategies (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Abstract: Abstracts are fundamental to building well-generalizing models.
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Emergent Communication Pretraining for Few-Shot Machine Translation (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: state-of-the-art models that rely on multilingual pretrained encoders achieve sample efficiency in downstream applications, but lack abundant amounts of unlabelled text.
Approach: They propose a method to pretrain neural networks via emergent communication from referential games by grounding communication on images as a crude approximation of real-world environments.
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SpidR-Adapt: A Universal Speech Representation Model for Few-Shot Adaptation (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Empirically, SpidR-Adapt achieves rapid gains in phonemic discriminability and downstream spoken language modeling scores . current self-supervised learning models require thousands of hours of training data to learn meaningful linguistic representations.
Approach: They propose a bi-level optimization framework for rapid adaptation of speech units to new languages using minimal unlabeled data.
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