Challenge: Existing studies on robustness of pretrained multilingual models are limited to the English language.
Approach: They propose to use data augmentation and contrastive loss term to boost robustness of multilingual models in cross-lingual settings.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms existing models on clean and noisy data in the cross-lingual setting.

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RC3: Regularized Contrastive Cross-lingual Cross-modal Pre-training (2023.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing V&L pre-training methods rely on strictly-aligned multilingual image-text pairs generated from English-centric datasets.
Approach: They propose a regularized cross-lingual visual contrastive learning objective that constrains representation proximity of weakly-aligned multilingual image-text pairs.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms competing models with weak zero-shot capability on 5 multi-modal tasks across 6 languages.
Improving Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning via Robust Training (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Pre-trained multilingual language encoders do not precisely align words and phrases across languages.
Approach: They propose a learning strategy for training robust models by drawing connections between adversarial examples and failure cases of zero-shot cross-lingual transfer.
Outcome: The proposed model can achieve good performance even if representations of different languages are not aligned well.
Noise-Robust Fine-Tuning of Pretrained Language Models via External Guidance (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) are advanced but data labels are noisy due to the complex annotation process.
Approach: They propose a framework for fine-tuning PLMs using noisy labels that incorporates guidance from Large Language Models like ChatGPT.
Outcome: Experiments on synthetic and real-world noisy datasets show that the proposed framework outperforms the state-of-the-art framework.
Match the Script, Adapt if Multilingual: Analyzing the Effect of Multilingual Pretraining on Cross-lingual Transferability (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Pretrained multilingual models enable zero-shot learning even for unseen languages . current multilingual model covers only a small subset of the world's languages - due to data sparsity, they are not likely to obtain good results for many lowresource languages.
Approach: They ask: how does the number of pretraining languages influence zero-shot learning for unseen languages? do the findings change if the languages used for pretraining are all related?
Outcome: The results show that pretrained models can zero-shot learn for unseen languages even for limited amounts even for low-resource languages.
Language Contamination Helps Explains the Cross-lingual Capabilities of English Pretrained Models (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a large number of pretraining corpora are not publicly available, and it is unclear how much foreign language data exists in monolingual models.
Approach: They propose to use English pretraining corpora to analyze their language composition . they find that even when less than 1% of data is not English, it facilitates cross-lingual transfer .
Outcome: The proposed model is not truly monolingual when pretrained at scale, the authors show . they show that even when less than 1% of data is not English, it facilitates cross-lingual transfer .
Zero- and Few-Shot NLP with Pretrained Language Models (2022.acl-tutorials)

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Challenge: a tutorial aims to introduce NLP researchers to the latest techniques for learning from little-to-no data . aims at bringing interested researchers up to speed about the latest and ongoing techniques .
Approach: They aim to introduce techniques for learning from little-to-no data using pretrained language models.
Outcome: This tutorial aims to bring interested NLP researchers up to speed about recent techniques . it will cover methods from manual engineering, better inference algorithms to better tuning methods .
MultiFiT: Efficient Multi-lingual Language Model Fine-tuning (D19-1)

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Challenge: Pretrained language models require unlabelled data for training, while cross-lingual models underperform on low-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a multi-lingual language model fine-tuning to train and fine- tune language models efficiently in their own language.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms existing models on two widely used datasets on cross-lingual classification tasks.
A Robust Self-Learning Framework for Cross-Lingual Text Classification (D19-1)

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Challenge: Recent advances in pretrained contextual representation models have made significant progress on a number of different English NLP tasks.
Approach: They propose a robust framework to include unlabeled non-English samples in the fine-tuning process of pretrained multilingual representation models.
Outcome: The proposed framework includes unlabeled non-English samples in the fine-tuning process of pretrained multilingual representation models.
Can Monolingual Pretrained Models Help Cross-Lingual Classification? (2020.aacl-main)

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Challenge: Multilingual pretrained language models have shown impressive results for cross-lingual transfer, but due to the constant model capacity, multilingual pre-training usually lags behind the monolingual competitors.
Approach: They propose to transfer the knowledge from monolingual pretrained models to multilingual ones to improve zero-shot cross-lingual classification by using machine translation systems.
Outcome: The proposed methods outperform vanilla multilingual fine-tuning on two cross-lingual classification benchmarks.
Evaluating Robustness of Large Language Models Against Multilingual Typographical Errors (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in multilingual, real-world applications where user inputs introduce typographical errors.
Approach: They propose a multilingual typo generation algorithm that simulates human-like errors based on language-specific keyboard layouts and typing behavior.
Outcome: The proposed model can generate the correct answer ("500") under typos in English, German, and Russian.

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