| Challenge: | a new dataset is being developed to study how language shapes bilateral bargaining . a recent study examined the use of language in negotiation education . |
| Approach: | They propose a dataset to study how language shapes bilateral bargaining . they recruit participants via behavioral labs instead of crowdsourcing platforms . |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset is based on an exercise in negotiation education . it shows that when subjects can talk, negotiations finish faster and prices drop . |
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Let’s Negotiate! A Survey of Negotiation Dialogue Systems (2024.findings-eacl)
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Haolan Zhan, Yufei Wang, Zhuang Li, Tao Feng, Yuncheng Hua, Suraj Sharma, Lizhen Qu, Zhaleh Semnani Azad, Ingrid Zukerman, Reza Haf
| Challenge: | Recent research has focused on negotiation dialogue systems, but no systematic review of this task has been conducted. |
| Approach: | They propose to provide a systematic review of negotiation dialogue systems and to provide an overview of current research. |
| Outcome: | The proposed systems are based on the literature and are compared against existing systems. |
Understanding the Language of Political Agreement and Disagreement in Legislative Texts (2020.acl-main)
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| Challenge: | Despite the fact that state-level legislation is rarely discussed, it has a dramatic influence on the everyday life of residents of the respective states. |
| Approach: | They propose a large-scale dataset linking state bills and legislator information, geographical information about their districts, and donations and donors’ information. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves over strong text-based models by integrating the state-level text and the legislative context. |
LLMs syntactically adapt their language use to their conversational partner (2025.acl-short)
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| Challenge: | Adapting to the language of a communication partner is associated with increased success in goal-oriented conversations. |
| Approach: | They construct a corpus of conversations between large language models (LLMs) and measure their syntactic adaptation. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model can adapt to the language of the conversational partner in at least a rudimentary way. |
Deal, or no deal (or who knows)? Forecasting Uncertainty in Conversations using Large Language Models (2024.findings-acl)
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| Challenge: | Effective interlocutors account for the uncertain goals, beliefs, and emotions of others. |
| Approach: | They propose to calibrate language models to better represent outcome uncertainty . they propose to use two methods to calibrated small open-source models . |
| Outcome: | The proposed fine-tuning strategies can calibrate smaller open-source models to beat pre-trained models 10x their size. |
The Price of Thought: A Multilingual Analysis of Reasoning, Performance, and Cost of Negotiation in Large Language Models (2026.findings-eacl)
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Sherzod Hakimov, Roland Bernard, Tim Leiber, Karl Osswald, Kristina Richert, Ruilin Yang, Raffaella Bernardi, David Schlangen
| Challenge: | Negotiation is a fundamental challenge for AI agents as it requires an ability to reason strategically, model opponents, and balance cooperation with competition. |
| Approach: | They propose to use a self-play setup to compare commercial and open-weight large language models to their vanilla counterparts in three different languages to examine trade-offs between performance and cost. |
| Outcome: | The proposed model improves GPT-5's performance by 31.4 % while increasing its cost by nearly 400 %. |
Toward the Automatic Detection of Word Meaning Negotiation Indicators in Conversation (2025.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Word Meaning Negotiations (WMN) are sequences in conversation where speakers collectively discuss and shape word meaning. |
| Approach: | They propose to detect WMN indicators in conversations where a speaker signals the need to clarify or challenge word meaning. |
| Outcome: | The proposed models have better precision than previous regular expression based approaches and show some generalization abilities, but have moderate recall. |
CaSiNo: A Corpus of Campsite Negotiation Dialogues for Automatic Negotiation Systems (2021.naacl-main)
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| Challenge: | Existing systems that negotiate with humans have broad applications in pedagogy and conversational AI. |
| Approach: | They propose to annotate persuasion strategies and perform correlation analysis to understand how dialogue behaviors are associated with the negotiation performance. |
| Outcome: | The proposed system improves negotiation performance for all strategies labeled as skewed . the proposed system is available on github.com/kushalchawla/ . |
Agreeing to Disagree: Annotating Offensive Language Datasets with Annotators’ Disagreement (2021.emnlp-main)
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| Challenge: | supervised learning is a key component of offensive language detection, but there is little attention given to the quality of annotated data. |
| Approach: | They propose to examine the level of agreement among annotators while selecting data to create offensive language datasets, a task involving a high level of subjectivity. |
| Outcome: | The proposed datasets show that annotators' agreement has a strong effect on classifiers performance and robustness. |
TalkUp: Paving the Way for Understanding Empowering Language (2023.findings-emnlp)
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| Challenge: | Empowerment has rarely been studied in NLP because of its implicit nature . linguistics and psychology research shows how empowerment can impact people by increasing their sense of self-efficacy and self-esteem. |
| Approach: | They crowdsource Reddit posts labeled for empowerment and use it to train language models that capture empowering and disempowering language. |
| Outcome: | The proposed dataset can be used to train language models that capture empowering and disempowering language. |
Decoupling Strategy and Generation in Negotiation Dialogues (D18-1)
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| Challenge: | Recent work on negotiation trains neural models, but their end-to-end nature makes it hard to control their strategy. |
| Approach: | They propose a modular approach that decouples strategy and generation by coarse dialogue acts . they test their approach on a recently proposed DEALORNODEAL game . |
| Outcome: | The proposed approach can decouple strategy and generation without degeneracy. |