Challenge: Potential Idiomatic Expression (PIE) dataset for NLP in English contains over 20,100 samples with almost 1,200 cases of idioms from 10 classes (or senses).
Approach: They present a large Potential Idiomatic Expression (PIE) dataset for Natural Language Processing (NLP) in English.
Outcome: The proposed dataset contains over 20,100 samples with almost 1,200 cases of idioms (with their meanings) from 10 classes (or senses).

Similar Papers

MAGPIE: A Large Corpus of Potentially Idiomatic Expressions (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Existing corpora cover less than 5,000 instances of less than 100 different idiom types . large corpus allows for better evaluation of assumptions about idiomatic expressions .
Approach: They propose to build the largest-to-date corpus of idioms for English using crowdsourcing methods.
Outcome: The proposed corpus is larger than existing resources and contains rich metadata and is made publicly available.
AStitchInLanguageModels: Dataset and Methods for the Exploration of Idiomaticity in Pre-Trained Language Models (2021.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Existing datasets are limited to providing the degree of idiomaticity of expressions along with the literal and, where applicable, (a single) non-literal interpretation of MWEs.
Approach: They propose to use a dataset to test the effectiveness of a language model in generating representations of sentences containing idioms.
Outcome: The proposed model performs reasonably well on the one-shot and few-shot scenarios, but there is scope for improvement in the zero-shot scenario.
Examining the Tip of the Iceberg: A Data Set for Idiom Translation (L18-1)

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Challenge: Neural Machine Translation (NMT) has been widely used in recent years with significant improvements for many language pairs.
Approach: They propose to use a large-scale data set to evaluate idiom translation in GermanEnglish.
Outcome: The proposed dataset is used to perform preliminary NMT experiments on idiom translation in GermanEnglish.
Beyond Multiword Expressions: Processing Idioms and Metaphors (P18-5)

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Challenge: idioms and metaphors processing is a rapidly growing area in NLP, says dr. s. robertson . idiomatic idiomas are characteristic to all areas of human activity and to all types of discourse.
Approach: This tutorial will provide attendees with a clear notion of idioms and metaphors . it will provide them with computational models of linguistic characteristics and methods .
Outcome: This tutorial aims to provide attendees with a clear notion of the linguistic characteristics of idioms and metaphors . it outlines how to model idiomatic idiomes and their processing and what resources are available to support their use .
Multilingual Idioms in Sentences and Conversations Across High-, Medium-, and Low-Resource Languages (2026.acl-long)

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Challenge: idioms are a major challenge for multilingual NLP because their meanings shift between figurative and literal usage, often requiring context for accurate interpretation.
Approach: They propose a multilingual idiom dataset that provides idiomatic expressions in both sentence-level and conversational contexts.
Outcome: The proposed model performs well with low-resource idioms, but lacks contextual inference.
LIdioms: A Multilingual Linked Idioms Data Set (L18-1)

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Challenge: Recent studies have focused on linguistic data sets that are bilingual on the Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) 1 .
Approach: They describe a multilingual RDF representation of idioms currently containing five languages . they use a model to structure the data and a method to link the data to well-known multilingual data sets such as BabelNet.
Outcome: The proposed model complies with best practices according to Linguistic Linked Open Data Community.
No more beating about the bush : A Step towards Idiom Handling for Indian Language NLP (L18-1)

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Challenge: idioms are a part of natural language and are difficult to learn with a parallel corpora database.
Approach: They propose to use a parallel idiom dataset to train two NLP subtasks . they show significant improvement in the two subtask training without the idiomatic dataset .
Outcome: The proposed model improves on baseline models with the idiom dataset for two NLP applications.
Idiomatic Expression Identification using Semantic Compatibility (2021.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Existing approaches to localize idiomatic expressions have limited views of their generalizability to new idioms.
Approach: They propose a multi-stage neural architecture to detect whether a sentence has an idiomatic expression and localize it when it occurs in a figurative sense.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art on three of the largest datasets with idiomatic expressions of varied syntactic patterns and degrees of non-compositionality.
CLIX: Cross-Lingual Explanations of Idiomatic Expressions (2025.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing definition generation systems are difficult to use in second language learning due to the presence of unfamiliar words and grammar.
Approach: They propose to use cross-lingual explanations of idiomatic expressions to support vocabulary expansion for language learners.
Outcome: The proposed system is able to explain idiomatic expressions in non-standard language.
Getting BART to Ride the Idiomatic Train: Learning to Represent Idiomatic Expressions (2022.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Prior work has identified deficiencies in their contextualized representation stemming from the underlying compositional paradigm of representation.
Approach: They propose to use an adapter as a lightweight non-compositional language expert trained on idiomatic sentences to build idiomity into BART.
Outcome: The proposed approach improves idiomaticity over baselines and up to 25% higher sequence accuracy on idiom processing tasks.

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