Challenge: Existing approaches to improve cross-lingual transfer do not take surface similarity into account.
Approach: They propose to augment source language training data with character-level noise to simulate spelling variations.
Outcome: The proposed strategy shows consistent improvements over several languages and tasks.

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Cross-lingual Multi-Level Adversarial Transfer to Enhance Low-Resource Name Tagging (N19-1)

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Challenge: Low-resource language name tagging is an important but challenging task.
Approach: They propose a neural architecture that leverages multi-level adversarial transfer to improve name tagging for low-resource languages.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms previous approaches on CoNLL data sets.
Make the Best of Cross-lingual Transfer: Evidence from POS Tagging with over 100 Languages (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Existing studies on cross-lingual generalisability of large pre-trained models use English training data and test data in unseen languages.
Approach: They propose to use multilingual pre-trained models to model cross-lingual transfer in a selection of target languages.
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A Simple and Effective Method to Improve Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: Existing zero-shot cross-lingual transfer methods rely on parallel corpora or bilingual dictionaries . however, its effect is limited by the gap between embedding clusters of different languages .
Approach: They propose Embedding-Push, Attention-Pull, and Robust targets to transfer English embeddings to virtual multilingual embedders without semantic loss.
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CharSpan: Utilizing Lexical Similarity to Enable Zero-Shot Machine Translation for Extremely Low-resource Languages (2024.eacl-short)

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Challenge: Existing models for ELRLs lack parallel corpora and monolingual corporata . authors propose novel character-span noise argumentation model to facilitate cross-lingual transfer .
Approach: They propose a character-span noise argumentation model to facilitate cross-lingual transfer . they use character-size noise argumentations to regularize training data of HRL .
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Improving Cross-lingual Transfer through Subtree-aware Word Reordering (2023.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Recent studies show that multilingual language models are not effective when dealing with less-represented languages.
Approach: They propose a powerful reordering method that learns word-order patterns conditioned on the syntactic context from a small amount of annotated data.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms baselines on a variety of tasks and is effective in both zero-shot and few-shot scenarios.
CORI: CJKV Benchmark with Romanization Integration - a Step towards Cross-lingual Transfer beyond Textual Scripts (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Naively assuming English as a source language may hinder cross-lingual transfer . despite recent advances in cross-linguistic research, most studies have restricted themselves to two major assumptions .
Approach: They propose to integrate Romanized transcription beyond textual scripts to capture contact between these languages . they propose to use a benchmark dataset to further encourage in-depth studies of language contact .
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DiTTO: A Feature Representation Imitation Approach for Improving Cross-Lingual Transfer (2023.eacl-main)

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Challenge: Zero-shot cross-lingual transfer has been shown to be sub-optimal across low-resource languages due to the skew in resource distribution in languages.
Approach: They propose to jointly reduce feature incongruity between the source and target language and increase generalization capabilities of pre-trained multilingual transformers.
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When is BERT Multilingual? Isolating Crucial Ingredients for Cross-lingual Transfer (2022.naacl-main)

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Challenge: Recent work on multilingual language models has demonstrated their capacity for cross-lingual zero-shot transfer on downstream tasks.
Approach: They conduct a large-scale empirical study to isolate the effects of various linguistic properties by measuring zero-shot transfer between four different natural languages.
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Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual NER Using Phonemic Representations for Low-Resource Languages (2024.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing zero-shot cross-lingual NER approaches require substantial prior knowledge of the target language, which is impractical for low-resource languages.
Approach: They propose a phonemic representation based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to bridge the gap between representations of different languages.
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Massively Multilingual Transfer for NER (P19-1)

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Challenge: Existing approaches for cross-lingual transfer use a single source language, but there are exceptions.
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