Challenge: Non-autoregressive neural machine translation models remove dependency between tokens in the target sentence and generate all tokens on parallel .
Approach: They propose a non-autoregressive neural machine translation model that decodes with the Mask-Predict algorithm which iteratively refines the output.
Outcome: The proposed algorithm increases the performance of the WMT’14 translation task by 1.39 points.

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Mask-Predict: Parallel Decoding of Conditional Masked Language Models (D19-1)

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Challenge: a masked language model is used to train a model to predict subsets of mangled words . a parallel decoding algorithm can be used to generate translations in a constant number of iterations.
Approach: They propose a model and a parallel decoding algorithm which train a machine to predict any subset of target words . they introduce conditional masked language models (CMLMs) which are trained with a mangled language model objective .
Outcome: The proposed model improves state-of-the-art performance levels for non-autoregressive and parallel decoding models by over 4 BLEU on average.
Incorporating a Local Translation Mechanism into Non-autoregressive Translation (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods to capture local dependencies among output tokens are not efficient, causing errors of repeated translation.
Approach: They propose a local autoregressive translation mechanism that predicts a short sequence of tokens for each target decoding position instead of one token.
Outcome: Empirical results show that the proposed method achieves comparable or better performance with fewer decoding iterations, bringing a 2.5x speedup.
Inference Strategies for Machine Translation with Conditional Masking (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Conditional masked language model training has proven successful for non-autoregressive and semi-auto-regressively sequence generation tasks.
Approach: They propose a conditional masked language model (CMLM) that is a factorization of conditional probabilities of partial sequences and propose heuristics to improve performance.
Outcome: The proposed algorithm is more efficient than the standard “mask-predict” algorithm on machine translation tasks.
Jointly Masked Sequence-to-Sequence Model for Non-Autoregressive Neural Machine Translation (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: masked language models have been used for natural language processing tasks but few studies have adopted it in the sequence-to-sequence models.
Approach: They propose to combine encoder and decoder to train a masked sequence-to-sequence model . they propose to train the encoder more rigorously by masking the encoded input .
Outcome: The proposed model achieves 27.69/32.24 BLEU scores on English-German/German-English tasks with 5+ times speed up compared with an autoregressive model.
Infusing Sequential Information into Conditional Masked Translation Model with Self-Review Mechanism (2020.coling-main)

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Challenge: Existing non-autoregressive models generate target words in parallel, but with a large latency due to the left-to-right dependency.
Approach: They propose to train a conditional masked translation model and refine results within several iterations to remedy a flawed translation by non-autoregressive models.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models by over 1 BLEU while using less training computations.
Con-NAT: Contrastive Non-autoregressive Neural Machine Translation (2022.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Neural machine translation models are autoregressive, which means they predict tokens one by one based on source tokens and previously predicted tokens.
Approach: They propose a conditional masked language model which incorporates contrastive learning into the conditional language model.
Outcome: The proposed model improves on WMT’16 Ro-En translation directions with different data sizes.
Universal Conditional Masked Language Pre-training for Neural Machine Translation (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Pre-trained sequence-to-sequence models have significantly improved Neural Machine Translation (NMT) this paper demonstrates that pre-training a sequence- to-squence model with a bidirectional decoder can produce notable performance gains for both Autoregressive and Non-autoregressive NMT tasks.
Approach: They propose a conditional masked language model pre-trained on bilingual and monolingual corpora in many languages.
Outcome: The proposed model can achieve significant performance improvements on all scenarios from low- to extremely high-resource languages.
Fully Non-autoregressive Neural Machine Translation: Tricks of the Trade (2021.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Existing non-autoregressive neural machine translation models are slow to learn the dependency between output tokens.
Approach: They propose to use fully non-autoregressive neural machine translation (NAT) to predict tokens with single forward of neural networks.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art results on three translation benchmarks with comparable performance to autoregressive and iterative NAT systems.
Enabling Autoregressive Models to Fill In Masked Tokens (2026.findings-eacl)

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Challenge: Autoregressive (AR) and masked language modeling (MLM) models are incapable of mucked infilling, which is the ability to predict mangled tokens between past and future context.
Approach: They propose a method that leverages the strengths of autoregressive and masked language modeling to achieve state-of-the-art mucked infilling performance.
Outcome: The proposed approach outperforms existing methods on masked infilling tasks.
Accelerating Transformer Inference for Translation via Parallel Decoding (2023.acl-long)

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Challenge: Autoregressive decoding limits the efficiency of transformers for Machine Translation (MT) Existing methods to solve this problem are expensive and require changes to the model.
Approach: They propose to reframe autoregressive decoding with a parallel formulation . they propose to speed up existing models without training or modifications while retaining translation quality.
Outcome: The proposed model speeds up existing models without training or modifications while retaining translation quality.

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