Challenge: Existing non-autoregressive models generate target words in parallel, but with a large latency due to the left-to-right dependency.
Approach: They propose to train a conditional masked translation model and refine results within several iterations to remedy a flawed translation by non-autoregressive models.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms state-of-the-art models by over 1 BLEU while using less training computations.

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Mask-Predict: Parallel Decoding of Conditional Masked Language Models (D19-1)

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Challenge: a masked language model is used to train a model to predict subsets of mangled words . a parallel decoding algorithm can be used to generate translations in a constant number of iterations.
Approach: They propose a model and a parallel decoding algorithm which train a machine to predict any subset of target words . they introduce conditional masked language models (CMLMs) which are trained with a mangled language model objective .
Outcome: The proposed model improves state-of-the-art performance levels for non-autoregressive and parallel decoding models by over 4 BLEU on average.
Incorporating a Local Translation Mechanism into Non-autoregressive Translation (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods to capture local dependencies among output tokens are not efficient, causing errors of repeated translation.
Approach: They propose a local autoregressive translation mechanism that predicts a short sequence of tokens for each target decoding position instead of one token.
Outcome: Empirical results show that the proposed method achieves comparable or better performance with fewer decoding iterations, bringing a 2.5x speedup.
Universal Conditional Masked Language Pre-training for Neural Machine Translation (2022.acl-long)

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Challenge: Pre-trained sequence-to-sequence models have significantly improved Neural Machine Translation (NMT) this paper demonstrates that pre-training a sequence- to-squence model with a bidirectional decoder can produce notable performance gains for both Autoregressive and Non-autoregressive NMT tasks.
Approach: They propose a conditional masked language model pre-trained on bilingual and monolingual corpora in many languages.
Outcome: The proposed model can achieve significant performance improvements on all scenarios from low- to extremely high-resource languages.
Inference Strategies for Machine Translation with Conditional Masking (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Conditional masked language model training has proven successful for non-autoregressive and semi-auto-regressively sequence generation tasks.
Approach: They propose a conditional masked language model (CMLM) that is a factorization of conditional probabilities of partial sequences and propose heuristics to improve performance.
Outcome: The proposed algorithm is more efficient than the standard “mask-predict” algorithm on machine translation tasks.
MR-P: A Parallel Decoding Algorithm for Iterative Refinement Non-Autoregressive Translation (2022.findings-acl)

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Challenge: Non-autoregressive neural machine translation models remove dependency between tokens in the target sentence and generate all tokens on parallel .
Approach: They propose a non-autoregressive neural machine translation model that decodes with the Mask-Predict algorithm which iteratively refines the output.
Outcome: The proposed algorithm increases the performance of the WMT’14 translation task by 1.39 points.
Jointly Masked Sequence-to-Sequence Model for Non-Autoregressive Neural Machine Translation (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: masked language models have been used for natural language processing tasks but few studies have adopted it in the sequence-to-sequence models.
Approach: They propose to combine encoder and decoder to train a masked sequence-to-sequence model . they propose to train the encoder more rigorously by masking the encoded input .
Outcome: The proposed model achieves 27.69/32.24 BLEU scores on English-German/German-English tasks with 5+ times speed up compared with an autoregressive model.
Retrieving Sequential Information for Non-Autoregressive Neural Machine Translation (P19-1)

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Challenge: Experimental results show that the Reinforce-NAT system surpasses the baseline NAT system by a significant margin on BLEU without decelerating the decoding speed.
Approach: They propose a sequence-level training method and a Transformer decoder to fuse the target sequential information into the top layer of the decoded Transformer.
Outcome: The proposed model surpasses the baseline NAT system on BLEU without decelerating the decoding speed and achieves comparable translation performance to the autoregressive Transformer model with considerable speedup.
XLM-D: Decorate Cross-lingual Pre-training Model as Non-Autoregressive Neural Machine Translation (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing pre-training language models have been successful in natural language understanding and autoregressive generation tasks, but non-autoregressive models have not been sufficiently successful.
Approach: They propose a pre-trained masked language model (MLM) and a non-autoregressive generation model with a lightweight decorator.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms the previous mask-predict model on translation datasets by 19.9x.
Neural Mask Generator: Learning to Generate Adaptive Word Maskings for Language Model Adaptation (2020.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing methods to train language models on diverse text corpora have brought up performance improvements on several natural language understanding (NLU) tasks.
Approach: They propose a method to automatically generate domain- and task-adaptive maskings of a given text for self-supervised pre-training.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms rule-based masking strategies on question answering and text classification datasets on which it outperformed rule-driven masking techniques.
PRINCE: Prefix-Masked Decoding for Knowledge Enhanced Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-Training (2022.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Existing studies focus on injecting noises into the input sequence, but feasibility of injecting them into the decoding sequence remains an open question.
Approach: They propose a pre-training paradigm that integrates knowledge-enhanced decoding with noises in the prefix to strengthen the representation learning of entities that span over multiple input tokens.
Outcome: The proposed model achieves state-of-the-art results on two knowledge-driven data-to-text generation tasks with up to 2% BLEU gains.

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