Challenge: A PreQuEL system predicts how well a given sentence will be translated without recourse to the actual translation.
Approach: They propose a task that uses a model to predict how well a given sentence will be translated . they show that the model is sensitive to syntactic and semantic distinctions .
Outcome: The proposed model improves on the Quality-Estimation task and on challenge sets and languages.

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deepQuest: A Framework for Neural-based Quality Estimation (C18-1)

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Challenge: Predicting Machine Translation (MT) quality has been limited to word and sentence-level prediction.
Approach: They propose a framework that can generalize neural QE approaches to the level of documents.
Outcome: The proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art approaches on document-level quality estimates and is 40 times faster to train.
Are we Estimating or Guesstimating Translation Quality? (2020.acl-main)

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Challenge: A carefully engineered ensemble of pre-trained multilingual language models won the QE shared task at WMT19.
Approach: They propose to use pre-trained multilingual language models to train quality estimation for machine translation.
Outcome: A carefully engineered ensemble of pre-trained language models wins the QE shared task at WMT19.
Sentence Level Human Translation Quality Estimation with Attention-based Neural Networks (2020.lrec-1)

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Challenge: Existing methods for assessing translation quality rely on manual features and external knowledge.
Approach: They propose to use a neural model without feature engineering to detect which parts in sentence pairs are most relevant for assessing quality.
Outcome: The proposed model outperforms feature-based methods on a large human annotated dataset.
Computer Assisted Translation with Neural Quality Estimation and Automatic Post-Editing (2020.findings-emnlp)

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Challenge: Using neural machine translation to approximate human parity is difficult due to the lack of parallel training corpora.
Approach: They propose an end-to-end deep learning framework for quality estimation and automatic post-editing of machine translation output.
Outcome: The proposed framework achieves state-of-the-art performance on the English–German dataset and human translators can significantly expedite their post-editing processing with the model.
Unsupervised Quality Estimation for Neural Machine Translation (2020.tacl-1)

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Challenge: Existing approaches require large amounts of expert annotated data, computation, and time for training.
Approach: They propose an unsupervised approach to QE where no training is required . they use a dataset that enables work on both black-box and glass-box approaches .
Outcome: The proposed approach rivals state-of-the-art supervised QE models in terms of correlation with human judgments of quality.
Self-Supervised Quality Estimation for Machine Translation (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: Training QE models require massive parallel data with hand-crafted quality annotations, which are time-consuming and labor-intensive to obtain.
Approach: They propose a self-supervised method to evaluate machine-translated sentences without references by recovering masked target words.
Outcome: The proposed method outperforms previous unsupervised methods on several QE tasks in different language pairs and domains.
Understanding Pre-Editing for Black-Box Neural Machine Translation (2021.eacl-main)

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Challenge: a study has demonstrated the effectiveness of pre-editing for black-box neural MT, but a deep understanding of what it is and how it works for black box NMT is lacking.
Approach: They investigated 6,652 instances of pre-editing across three translation directions, two MT systems and four text domains.
Outcome: The proposed method can be used in MT systems with black-box neural MT (NMT) but it is not yet fully understood in the literature.
Neural Machine Translation Quality and Post-Editing Performance (2021.emnlp-main)

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Challenge: a recent study has shown that MT post-editing can reduce translation quality and speed . a large-scale study involving 30 professional translators examined the relationship between MT performance and post-edited outputs.
Approach: They examine the relationship between MT performance and post-editing time and quality . they use neural MT of high quality to improve translation quality based on phrase-based MT .
Outcome: The proposed model is not stable predictor of time or quality, the authors say . they find that better MT systems lead to fewer changes in the sentences .
Transfer Fine-tuning for Quality Estimation of Text Simplification (2024.lrec-main)

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Challenge: Experimental results show that quality estimation of text simplification models can be improved on a small labeled corpus.
Approach: They propose a method to train quality estimation of text simplification on a small-scale labeled corpus prior to fine-tuning pre-trained language models.
Outcome: The proposed method improves quality estimation of text simplification on a small-scale labeled corpus.
QUAK: A Synthetic Quality Estimation Dataset for Korean-English Neural Machine Translation (2022.coling-1)

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Challenge: despite its high utility, there are limitations concerning manual QE data creation.
Approach: They propose to generate a Korean-English QE dataset that is fully automatic . they find that the algorithm is more accurate and faster than manual QE .
Outcome: The proposed datasets show that they scale up to 1.58M and 6.58M, respectively, and show that the results are significantly better when compared to the previous datasets.

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